3rd Grade Science Fair Projects

The 3rd grade may be the first time students are introduced to science fair projects. Children ask questions from a young age, but this is a great time to begin to apply the scientific method. Introduction to 3rd Grade Science Fair Projects 3rd grade is a great time to answer what happens if... or which is better...  questions. In general, elementary school students are exploring the world around them and learning how things work. The key to a great science fair  project at the 3rd-grade level is finding a topic that the student finds interesting. Usually, a teacher or parent is needed  to help plan the project and offer guidance with a report or poster. Some students may want to make models or perform demonstrations that illustrate scientific concepts. 3rd Grade Science Fair Project Ideas Here are some project ideas appropriate for 3rd grade: Do cut flowers last longer if you put them in warm water or in cold water? You can test how effectively flowers are drinking water by adding food coloring. Youll get the best results with white cut flowers, such as carnations. Do flowers drink warm water faster, slower, or at the same rate as cold water?Does the color of your clothing affect how hot or cold you feel when youre outside in the sunlight? Explain your results. This project is easiest if you compare solid colors, such as black and white t-shirts.Do all students in the class have the same size hands and feet as each other? Trace outlines of hands and feet and compare them. Do taller students have larger hands/feet or does height not seem to matter?How much does the temperature have to change for you to feel a difference? Does it matter whether its air or water? You can try this with your hand, a glass, a thermometer, and tap water of different temperatures.Are waterproof mascaras really waterproof? Put some mascara on a sh eet of paper and rinse it with water. What happens? Do 8-hour lipsticks really keep their color that long?Do clothes take the same length of time to dry if you add a dryer sheet or fabric softener to the load?Which melts faster: ice cream or ice milk? Can you figure out why this might happen? You can compare other frozen treats, such as frozen yogurt and sorbet.Do frozen candles burn at the same rate as candles that were stored at room temperature? Ideally, compare candles that are identical in every way except their starting temperature.Research what dryer sheets do. Can people tell the difference between a load of laundry that used dryer sheets and one that didnt use them? If one type of laundry was preferred over the other, what was the reason? Ideas might be scent, softness, and the amount of static.Do all types of bread grow the same types of mold? A related project would compare types of mold that grow on cheese or other food. Keep in mind mold grows quickly on bread, but migh t grow more slowly on other food. Use a magnifying glass to make it easier to tell the types of mold apart.Do raw eggs and hard-boiled eggs spin the same length of time/number of times?What type of liquid will rust a nail the quickest? You could try water, orange juice, milk, vinegar, peroxide, and other common household liquids.Does light affect how fast foods spoil?Can you tell from todays clouds what tomorrows weather will be? Tips for Success Choose a project that wont take too much time to complete. Performing an experiment or making a model often takes longer than one expects, and its better to have extra time than to run out at the last minute.Expect a 3rd-grade project to require adult supervision or help. This doesnt mean an adult should do the project for a child, but an older sibling, parent, guardian, or teacher can help guide the project, offer suggestions, and be supportive.Select an idea that uses materials you can actually find. Some project ideas might look great on paper, but be difficult to perform if the supplies are unavailable.

Raising Minimum Wage Means Raising American Concern

The people were going crazy when they first heard President Obama proposal to raise the minimum wage hourly pay from $7.25 an hour to $10.10 an hour. These people think that they are going to get more money in their pockets with a higher hourly wage. These people are clueless. They do not know the consequences that come with raising the minimum wage. Many people that work a minimum wage paying job are teenagers and young men and women, but higher minimum wages would make it harder for these teenagers to find jobs because the employers would hire more skilled workers. Also, almost all minimum-wage jobs are entry-level jobs that provide unskilled workers the experience they need to become more successful in the future with their career. Another reason that raising the minimum wage is a bad idea is that it hurts small business owners. Small businesses are going to have to hire less people and create fewer jobs if the minimum wage is increased, because more the more money spent on wage s means less money spent on materials and other expenses. Finally, the Earned Income Tax Credit already works to lift Americans out of poverty, so raising the minimum wage would be useless. Instead of raising the minimum wage, companies should teach the employees techniques to use that will increase their knowledge and allow them to succeed in the future. The main problem with raising the minimum wage would be the increase the population of Americans that are unemployed. A higher minimum wageShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Raising The Minimum Wage1503 Words   |  7 PagesWage War Alternatives to Raising the Minimum Wage Minimum wage is a topic of considerable controversy and a significant source of economic stratification. Essentially, the minimum wage policy is what defines the baseline income of â€Å"low level† or â€Å"starting positions.† Here in the U.S. most individuals will at some point in their life hold a minimum wage position. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 58.5% of U.S. citizens were paid at hourly rates, and about 2.6 million workersRead MoreThe Economic Case For Raising The Minimum Wage927 Words   |  4 PagesThe Economic Case for Raising the Minimum Wage The United States is recognized for its economic opportunities. Thousands come to this country for the chance to improve economic stability and climb the social ladder – opportunities usually not available in their home countries. However, there has been increasing concern regarding American wages compared to the rise in the cost of living. Many of the lowest paid workers receive wages that is far much below the federal minimum provision as stipulatedRead MoreMiimum Wage and Power to the People1746 Words   |  7 PagesThree – Power to the people The third and final alternative minimum wage is to allow the local people in the community vote on a living wage. This alternative would put all the power in the hands of the people; allowing them to decide what is best for their neighborhoods. If the people are allowed to vote in such matters, they will be permitted to use their voice and at the very least express their concerns with the gaps in minimum wage and cost of living in their community. However, there are drawbacksRead MoreEssay A Minimum Wage Increase Will Stimulate the Economy1318 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt endorsed the federal minimum wage law in 1938 while the Great Depression was at its utmost insolvent position. Because at this point in time the economy was at its lowest, the sole purpose for its enactment was to keep the majority of Americans out of poverty and increase consumer demand. Following the 1960’s, the minimum wage has had a very gradual increase to the point where it is now at a standby. At this moment with a recession occurring, minimum wages have not brought any benefitsRead MoreWage Gap Between The Middle Class And The Upper Class1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Wage is a topic that is constantly covered in the media. One big issue is the growing wage gap between the middle class and the upper class. While minimum wage increases are considered a good method to reduce income inequality, they are controversial since many business owners and economists argue that they increase the unemployment rate. Impact of minimum wage on employment One concern that is commonly mentioned during the debate on raising minimum wage is the loss of employment asRead MoreThe Economic Impact of Raising the Minimum Wage1474 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt’s 1937 impassioned speech calling on Congress to help the one-third of Americans who were â€Å"ill-housed, ill-clad, and ill-nourished† heralded in the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and with it a national minimum wage. Echoes of that speech are still heard today. Senator Edward Kennedy (1989: S14707), in his criticism of the most recent increases in the minimum wage, declared: The minimum wage was, as it should be, a living wage, for working men and women ... who are attempting to provide for theirRead MoreThe Issue Of Minimum Wage Essay853 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of minimum wage is not a new one to our society, American’s have fought for minimum wage continuously since it was introduced by â€Å"President Roosevelt on June 25, 1938 as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.† (Forbes) Workers have fought to keep the minimum wage in line with demand. It is important to remember that because this is such a heated debate, we are getting fed different information from different news sources, trying to scare us into believing one way or another.Read MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage965 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage continues to increase, but does it increase enough? Minimum wage right now in Florida is set at $8.05 but who can really live off that. It is absurd that the minimum wage has not increase since the 1960’s in real buying power. The reason for this statement is that the minimum wage in the 1960’s allowed people to buy more items then they could buy with the minimum wage in 2013. In Order have the same buying power as in the 1960’s the minimum wage in 2013 would need to be at least $9.84Read More Increasing the Minimum Wage Will Reduce Income Inequality Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesperson can maximize the American Dream on the minimum wage. -- Benjamin Todd Jealous No family gets rich from earning the minimum wage. In fact, the current minimum wage does not even lift a family out of poverty. -- Jon Corzine Income inequality has been a major problem facing American society for decades, but has recently become a major concern. I personally believe the major gap between the income of the rich and poor is a not just, but is not a major concern for the government andRead MoreWages For The American Worker Essay2526 Words   |  11 PagesHonest Wages for The American Worker Congratulations, you are hired! The four words that people long to hear. However, for many newly employed workers, their new job will not pay an income that will enable them to live comfortably. In 2015, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 2.6 million Americans, or approximately 3.3 percent of all hourly paid workers earned wages at, or below the federal minimum wage. Since 2009, the federal minimum wage amount has remained stagnant. Bringing this number

Dimensional and Geometric Tolerance Strategies †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Dimensional and Geometric Tolerance Strategies. Answer: Introduction Modular construction is generally used for the single and twofold storey and multi-story private structures. Modular construction method has assumed an essential part of delivering construction components rapidly and proficiently. The modules are created in a production line and are then transported to the construction site being readied and afterward gathered. Modular construction of houses is an advancement that can possibly handle issues identified with natural and manageability worries at a fast rate, motorizes the construction procedure, empowering mass make of reasonable houses in a brief span period. Modular construction system is a procedure in which a building is built off-site, under controlled natural conditions and it utilizes similar materials and configuration structures to similar codes, guidelines and building bye-laws as ordinarily constructed offices yet in a brief timeframe when contrasted with customary house construction. Structures are made of "modules" that when assembled nearby, they look precisely like ordinary constructed (Farnsworth, 2015). Modular construction can be utilized for building impermanent or lasting building, for example, construction of camps, schools and classroom, regular folks and furthermore for military offices and modern offices. Modular structures are an ideal arrangement in remote and provincial ranges where customary construction may not be conceivable to be assembled. Different employments of secluded construction system incorporate places of worship structures, social insurance offices, and retail shops, fast food joints, and so on. Right now modular construction for structures or offices today can be work to any determination and any size from a basic one to an intricate one. Once the building components are fabricated, they are then being transported to the site for their last establishment. One of the huge points of interest of secluded construction is that it is extremely fast and it can be more affordable than a site-fabricate structure. Likewise modular construction can't be restricted by issues like serious climate and modular structures will probably oppose tremor powers since they are produced under control plant conditions (Huang, W.S., Yang, 2015). Modular construction ideas can be connected to a wide range of structures, for example, construction of workplaces, business, private, inns, and so on. Fundamentally, modular construction makes structures more grounded than ordinary construction in light of the fact that every module is designed to autonomously withstand the rigors of transportation and str etching out onto establishments. Preliminary design The objective of the pre-design stage is to recognize the venture's degree and spending plan and also any issues that could impact the consequent outline/documentation stage. Despite the fact that this stage is frequently insulted in venture spending plans, the encounter has demonstrated that its effective fulfilment improves the likelihood that the development or redesign task will be finished inside the endorsed calendar and spending plan. Adequate assets ought to be dispensed for this essential stage (Hopkins, 2014). The pre-design stage frequently incorporates a stock and assessment of existing offices, distinguishing proof of office program prerequisites, improvement of preparatory arranging choices, and fruition of preparatory cost gauges. The pre-design stage for a specific venture ought to be composed with any vital or groundbreaking strategy beforehand created for the organization. In the event that a vital or groundbreaking strategy has not been produced, the pre-design stage could be utilized to start the advancement of such an arrangement (Kerfeld, and Erbilgin, 2015). Because of the multifaceted nature of research facility offices, the outline, development, and redesign procedures ought to be arranged as precisely and mindfully as the lab office itself. This applies to all periods of the task pre-design, plan/documentation, development, and post construction. Watchful arranging is required as a result of the quantity of people that ought to be effectively engaged with the procedures and also the number and sorts of issues that should be considered all through the venture. Decision making process Choices made amid the pre-design stage set the bearing for the whole plan/documentation stage and resulting development or redesign. The customer ought to in this way grow at an opportune time a basic leadership process and set up lines of correspondence and expert that will serve all through the venture. Boards of trustees and basic leadership procedures and expert ought to be set up to guarantee fitting info and cooperation. For instance, choices identified with lab segments will require the contribution of specialists, though choices identified with the quantity of research centre modules will require a contribution from organization agents (Lawson, Ogden and Goodier, 2014). Objectives and goals ought to be set up by the customer with the help of the plan proficient toward the start of the pre-design procedure to characterize those parts of the venture that is vital to the customer. They ought to be produced working together with any beforehand created vital or groundbreaking strategy, and inspected occasionally amid the pre-design procedure to decide whether they require adjustment and to affirm that recognized issues are being considered. One system used to build up objectives is to distinguish characteristics of an effective venture. These may envelop issues identified with cooperative research; inter laboratory connections, shared instrumentation, adaptability, and flexibility. In any case, one of kind qualities of the proposed look into office ought to likewise be distinguished and celebrated as characterizing attributes (Levitt, 2014). Once the undertaking objectives have been recognized, the targets required to achieve those objectives should be built up. For instance, if community investigate has been distinguished as an objective, one target is recognized characteristics of a research centre office that empower joint effort. On the off chance that inter laboratory communication is recognized as an objective, a goal may incorporate the ID of highlights that advance such association (Li, Jiang, 2015). Detailed design and development In the outline advancement stage, the outline gather builds up a point by point get ready for all inside and outside components. Different members associated with this stage incorporate the customer gathering. Since the objective of the plan improvement stage is to finish all outline points of interest, including the stylish components of the engineering, the outline gathering especially the modular must comprehend the desires for the office and, thus, convey to the examination organization's members how his/her endeavours will address their issues. Amid this stage, the plan of all basic, mechanical, electrical, pipes, and fire-insurance frameworks and gear are concluded. Many outline experts prescribe that vast scale coordination illustrations be finished to affirm that every single such framework and related gear are completely planned with the main role of plan improvement is to additionally characterize and portray exceptionally vital parts of the undertaking so what remains is the formal documentation advance of development contract records (Li, Jiang, 20154). The coordination of these frameworks is a basic piece of the plan and documentation process for research facility development or remodel, and the establishment for this coordination are set up amid the outline advancement stage. Any illustrations created ought to be confirmed for code consistency and also for precision by the proper forte advisors. Inside rises, which give two-dimensional perspectives of the research centre insides, including lab seats and smoke hoods, and run of the mill divider areas are frequently part of the plan improvement illustrations. They are utilized to affirm that the automatic prerequisites to be met by the lab's segments are precisely and extensively reported, and they give the premise to a refreshed development cost appraise and additionally for the development records. Related reports, for example, determinations that depict all parts of the examination office configuration, are additionally given at this stage. These reports, in view of the blueprint of details arranged for the schematic plan stage, incorporate extra data, for example, particular items and producers and might be utilized to refresh past appraisals of development costs. Contingent upon the result of the cost evaluate, modification of the venture's extension and subtle elements might be expected to meet the development spending plan (Olearczyk, Al-Hussein and Boufergune, 2014). To help in vital correspondence inside the customer gathering, the modular ought to consider supplementing traditional pictorial archives, for example, floor designs, rises, and areas, with others that might be more significant to the customer. These incorporate viewpoint illustrations, three-dimensional PC helped plan (CAD) illustrations, axonometric illustrations (two-dimensional illustrations that delineate three-dimensional articles), think about models of both inside and outside outline components, and full-measure deride ups of inside and outside components, made of either paper and cardboard or the proposed fabricating materials. Development of a full-scrutinize ridicule of the proposed research centre module, allowing clients to assess the proposed plan before focusing on the outline and development of a few labs of a comparative outline, is very suggested, especially preceding the initiation of development reports (Rossow, Hackelbusch, van Assenbergh and Seiffert, 2013). The customer group must try to comprehend the general and particular parts of the outline, the client agent ought to effectively take an interest in the advancement of plan components, and the customer's senior overseers ought to support the general type of outline ahead of schedule in the outline improvement stage. The individuals from the customer gathering, including the customer's exceptional specialists, EHS agent, and delegates of the association's offices/operation division, ought to likewise be included. Once more, the customer group should complete auspicious and thorough outline confirmation of all reports created amid this stage. Every client is in charge of confirming the outline of his or her uniquely assigned spaces. Environmental issues Four noteworthy demonstrations of Congress that set the national motivation on ecological assurance have an immediate bearing on the operation of research centres. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) addresses squander transfer and lessening. The Clean Air Act (CAA) concerns air quality and its consequences for human well-being. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act covers the change and security of water quality. Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) guarantees a group's entitlement to comprehend what dangerous materials are available in offices in their group, which empowers group crisis reaction experts and nearby fire offices to secure themselves when reacting to a fire, blast, gas or synthetic discharge, or other crisis. Groups are legitimately worried about what is happening in their neighbourhoods. A research centre development venture group must get comfortable with the prerequisites related to significant ecological directions t o guarantee that the finished task accomplishes consistency (Royer, Bellatreche and Jean, 2014). A noteworthy target of quite a bit of this enactment is contamination anticipation. SARA Title III is planned to improve the correspondence between offices that utilization unsafe chemicals, the groups in which the offices are found, and the crisis reaction associations of those groups. Research centre offices ought to create brilliant projects in contamination counteractive action, crisis reaction arranging, correspondence, and open effort. This implies going past administrative consistency to guarantee helpful responsiveness to group concerns. Doing as such will cultivate great relations with the group and will ease struggle that over and over again emerges in the development of new research facility offices (Shahtaheri, Rausch, Haas and Nahangi, 2017). System test, evaluation validation and optimisation Approval of these frameworks ought to be executed as a major aspect of a formal authorizing program that starts before or quickly following fruition of the development period of the undertaking. The EHS proficient allowed to the customer group ought to supervise approval methods that include well-being and security designing frameworks. The venture group ought to likewise consider building up an introduction program to advice clients about how the research facility office was intended to help safe utilize and how the inhabitants can function securely inside their new office. This errand could be appointed to the customer's EHS delegate. Operation and upkeep manuals, which are required paying little heed to the execution of a building authorizing the process, are frequently more thoroughly arranged and investigated amid this period of the venture. Despite the fact that they are regularly neglected over the span of an undertaking, these manuals are basic for the proprietor since they give data about the operations and upkeep of all frameworks and gear. They may incorporate recordings and also print duplicate, however, there is a present activity by the National Institute of Building Sciences to institutionalize this data. The arrangement of operation and support manuals ought to be incorporated into the planner's agreement (Tretheway, Chowdhury and Vogel, Biolonix, 2015). All through the development, the general contractual worker keeps up an arrangement of development reports on which are recorded all progressions made amid development. This data ought to be thought about the first illustrations and particulars and gave to the proprietor as printed versions and, all the more as of late, in the electronic organization. The outline gathering ought to be locked in to survey and check these. These illustrations, frequently called "as-assembled" illustrations, furnish the proprietor with an exact record of the finished task. The customer's office workforce will utilize the as-constructed illustrations and the operations and upkeep manuals consistently, thus the customer should set up a procedure for refreshing these for the life of the office. Also, at long last, amid building charging staff that will work and keep up the office must be prepared on particular frameworks. This is basic for structures with exceedingly specialized frameworks. Preparing might be given through gear benefit gets that incorporate arrangements for preparing of the proprietor's staff. Notwithstanding affirmation that the building was fabricated and is working as arranged, the customer likewise requires confirmations that the building will keep on operating as arranged. The way toward reviewing and investigating as of late finished and possessed offices is called "post-occupancy assessment" (POE) and is generally done after the primary year of operation. This survey permits the customer and others required with the venture to decide how the building is performing and how to enhance the general office program (Xie, Weiss, 2015). Environmental health safety issues The cautious thought of EHS issues will empower the undertaking group to go along viably with the complex and now and again clashing exhibit of government, state, and neighbourhood controls, codes, and laws that influence development and operation of research centres. Recognize that codes and directions overseeing the development, redesign, and operation of research centres and the endeavour of a building venture by a foundation have a typical goal to ensure that the building and nature encompassing it will be sheltered. This shared opinion can make it conceivable to achieve commonsense answers for issues that may emerge in the exceptional mind-boggling administrative setting that oversees research facility plan and development. At the point when there is the struggle, the decision making the ability of educated people ought to win. This segment abridges the lawful bases for, and judicious reactions to, the different directions, codes, and mandates that influence the development and operation of research facilities. The board of trustees stresses that each real building venture group ought to have the help of EHS experts all through all periods of the research centre office plan and development process. Skill gave by these experts will enable the customer to group set wellbeing and security goals for the task, select suitable building criteria to meet those targets and recognize soundly imagined procedures for accomplishing consistency with administrative prerequisites. EHS experts ought to likewise be associated with the appointing procedure that goes before inhabitancy of a recently built or revamped office to help guarantee the operational respectability of all designing frameworks that ensure the word related wellbeing and security of the research centre clients (Yan, Alcouffe, 2017). A learned individual fr om the foundations EHS program should fill in as a specialized guide to the customer group. This individual ought to be very much educated about the program of necessities for the office; have aptitude in research centre wellbeing, natural insurance, and contamination control; be knowledgeable about working with the discerning administrative experts; and be acquainted with office designing frameworks that can make viable, safe, and consistent laps. Code and regulations Ventilation to keep up comfort and word related wellbeing Fire counteractive action to identify and stifle fires, to a limited extent by constraining amounts of combustible and risky chemicals Crisis control supply to keep up operation of indispensable life-wellbeing frameworks, for example, departure lighting, fire recognition, and assurance frameworks amid electrical interference Control of dangerous gasses to decrease the hazard from and to control unplanned arrivals of gasses Building tallness to constrain the stature of research centre structures in view of compound utilization Seismic necessities to diminish the dangers postured by quakes or, on the other hand, state level. Booking the getting of grants required for development will help forestall pointless deferrals in a venture. It is vital to give allow giving organizations early notice of noteworthy development extends inside their purview with the goal that they can envision their workload and staffing needs. Organization experts can offer rules and understanding into extraordinary nearby needs that could impact a building venture. Organizations in a few purviews jump at the chance to set up a solitary purpose of contact between the office and delegates of the task group, for the most part, the customer and planner venture directors, to encourage and facilitate the trading of vital data and to build up a decent working relationship. One advantage of this structure is that it limits the quantity of individuals who need to invest energy taking in the interesting procedures and strategies of the associations included, hence improving correspondence. At the point when an organization has clear and adequate data about a confounded research office development venture before genuine plans are submitted, it can m ove all the more rapidly through the required endorsement and permit granting process. For the most part, a task must consent to build, fire, electrical, plumbing, and mechanical codes at the neighbourhood level that might be prescriptive or execution based. Since organizations have generally differing levels of involvement in assessing complex offices like research structures, outside specialists can be an important venture toward the opportune investigation of plans and development site exercises. A few codes permit employing commonly satisfactory outside specialists for design survey and development assessment, should the office require the additional mastery or faculty to speed up a task. Conclusion To address process issues amid the few periods of a lab development or redesign venture, the board of trustees suggests the accompanying activities: Build up an arranging and basic leadership process. Arranging ought to incorporate every single important member. Choices ought not to be returned to without cause. Actualize a pre-design stage. Pre-design, including an outline proficient, amplifies final products. Assign a solitary purpose of contact for each gathering. This individual will facilitate all data trade inside the gathering and with the other (customer, outline, and temporary worker) gatherings. Nitty gritty cost appraisals ought to be finished and checked on at the finish of each stage. An unmistakable procedure for dealing with change requests ought to be created before development starts. Set up a framework for thorough survey and endorsement of records. Configuration archives ought to be painstakingly looked into and affirmed by the customer gather delegate toward the finish of each stage. Set up and execute a procedure for building dispatching. Building charging ought to incorporate the creation of operation and upkeep manuals, refreshed development archives and illustrations, frameworks testing, and preparing. There ought to likewise be a post-occupancy assessment. Proprietors ought to be great stewards. Starting at the arranging stage and proceeding for the life of the research facility office, proprietors must give sufficient subsidizing and staffing to operation and support of the structures. References Farnsworth, D., 2015. Ask a CTBUH Expert: David Farnsworth: Modular Construction in Tall Buildings.CTBUH Journal, (4), pp.58-58. Huang, W.S., Xu, Z., Yang, K.F., Chen, L., Zheng, Z.J. and Xu, L.W., 2015. Modular construction of multifunctional ligands for the enantioselective ruthenium-catalyzed carbenoid NH insertion reaction: an enzyme-like and substrate-sensitive catalyst system.RSC Advances,5(58), pp.46455-46463. Hopkins, A.S., 2014.Assessment of Modular Construction Utilization Across All Campuses of the University of North Carolina System(Doctoral dissertation, Appalachian State University). Kerfeld, C.A. and Erbilgin, O., 2015. Bacterial microcompartments and the modular construction of microbial metabolism.Trends in microbiology,23(1), pp.22-34. Lawson, M., Ogden, R. and Goodier, C., 2014.Design in modular construction. CRC Press. Levitt, R., 2014. Sustainable Construction in Indian Country: Expanding Affordability with Modular Multifamily Infill Housing. Li, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, H., Liao, W., Li, Z., Weiss, R. and Xie, Z., 2015. Modular construction of mammalian gene circuits using TALE transcriptional repressors.Nature chemical biology,11(3), pp.207-213. Li, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, H., Liao, W., Li, Z., Weiss, R. and Xie, Z., 2014. Modular construction of synthetic circuits using TALE transcriptional repressors in mammalian cells.Nat. Chem. Biol. Olearczyk, J., Al-Hussein, M. and Boufergune, A., 2014. Evolution of the crane selection and on-site utilization process for modular construction multilifts.Automation in Construction,43, pp.59-72. Rossow, T., Hackelbusch, S., van Assenbergh, P. and Seiffert, S., 2013. A modular construction kit for supramolecular polymer gels.Polymer Chemistry,4(8), pp.2515-2527. Royer, K., Bellatreche, L. and Jean, S., 2014, May. Combining domain and business ontologies in a modular construction method: EDF study case. InInformation and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 2014 37th International Convention on(pp. 1452-1457). IEEE. Shahtaheri, Y., Rausch, C., West, J., Haas, C. and Nahangi, M., 2017. Managing risk in modular construction using dimensional and geometric tolerance strategies.Automation in Construction. Tretheway, J.A., Miller, M.F., Marschke, K.W., Hale, B.R., Chowdhury, A.K. and Vogel, J.J., Biolonix, Inc., 2015.Electrochemical liquid treatment cell with modular construction. U.S. Patent 8,961,751. Xie, Z., Weiss, R., Li, Y., Jiang, Y., Weixi, L.I.A.O. and Chen, H., Tsinghua University, 2015.Modular construction of synthetic gene circuits in mammalian cells using tale transcriptional repressors. U.S. Patent Application 15/307,355. Yan, X., Alcouffe, P., Sudre, G., David, L., Bernard, J. and Ganachaud, F., 2017. Modular construction of single-component polymer nanocapsules through a one-step surfactant-free microemulsion templated synthesis.Chemical Communications,53(8), pp.1401-1404.

Waste Management Essay Example

Waste Management Essay With a population of over 1. 2 billion, rapid urbanization and modernization of India is simply inevitable. Most of the cities are under-prepared for the rapid growth, because the infrastructure lacks serious development. Waste Management has become a matter of great concern to most city corporations, and there have been some instances of management collapse even in metropolitan cities in the year 2012. All this build-up took place within a single decade, which is why many corporations have awakened to the rude shock. There has been an unpredictable increase in both industrial and domestic wastes.The government and corporations have now taken cognizant of things that require immediate attention, and a lot of funds have been diverted to various waste management projects. Municipal waste is very different from the rural waste, which mostly comprises of agricultural and organic matter. Moreover, the total waste is rural areas is dispersed across a wider land area, which makes it more ma nageable. Since the urban population is obviously multiple folds more than the rural population, waste management becomes a very challenging task.Waste Management was conveniently done by dumping waste in rural areas, which then gave rise to a bigger menace of ‘pollution sinks’. Residential and commercial wastes are mostly in semisolid and solid forms. Even the bio-medical wastes, which have been treated fall into this category. Industrial waste on the other hand is not included in this category. Municipal solid waste management is quite a complex process, which clearly means a lot of investment in infrastructure, technology, and planning. It means efficiently handling: * Institutional waste * Dead animals waste at slaughter houses * Demolition and construction wastes Wastes which gets accumulated on the roads * Waste derived from horticultural processes * Treated bio-medical waste * Waste due to drains and outlets * Sludge from industries * Commercial waste from the ma rket areas All these processes have to be handled on a large scale, which is why the government of India has come up with many infrastructure improvement plans. JNNURM program (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) is designed to create equitable, responsive, efficient and productive cities. Urban Local Bodies and the state governments are actively working towards bringing about urban transformations.Most of the reforms are aimed at infusing highest sustainability to infrastructure developments. In fact â‚ ¬ 253. 59 million has been approved for 44 projects. Hence, solid Waste Management sector in India has become a very lucrative sector for investors. Millions of tons of wastage are sent to the landfills near most of the metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Ahmadabad, Bhopal, Chennai, etc. These undertakings are managed and run by both government and private enterprises. Let us now look at some of the solid waste management projects taking place in some Indian cities. Mum bai, MaharashtraMumbai, better known globally as the Financial Capital of India, has a huge population of over 13 million according to the census of the year 2011. The city spans beyond a 472 sq kilometers, and generates approximately 9,500 MT of solid waste everyday. 7,000 MT of freight is recyclable and bio-degradable, and the remaining 2,500 MT of waste comes from construction and demolition projects. The city has four major landfills Mulund, Deonar, Kanjur and Gorai. The landfill of Gorai was closed scientifically in the year 2007. Deonar is another big landfill on the eastern suburbs, and here the waste is simply dumped without any kind of treatment.Even this dumpsite it is scientifically closed by covering it with an impermeable layer. 65 hector area of this dump is used for generating landfill gas collection. Ahmedabad, Gujarat This city generates more than 2,400 MT of non-segregated waste every day. More than 1,000 vehicles make trips to and from two of their major dumpsites , Pirana and Gyaspur Sanitary Landfill. The budget of â‚ ¬ 27. 30 million has been allocated to the Gyaspur scientific landfill development. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh The only landfill of this city, the Bhanpur Dumpsite is located at around 15 km away from the city limits.There are proposals of opening three more new landfills around the city. These landfills of 64 acres are expected to serve for a period of 20 years. The project cost is estimated to be around â‚ ¬5,550,000, which is roughly around 400,000,000 INR. These projects will involve waste processing, along with deriving compost manure. Bangalore, Karnataka Bangalore, with a population of 8. 5 million, produces nearly 3,000 MT of waste per day, which comprises of around 53% of vegetable and organic waste, while paper and plastic makes for about 20%.Presently, there is a scarcity of landfills and with an erratic garbage collection system (as a result of privatization), the people of Bangalore have begun to dump the waste at any street corner resulting in garbage strewn all across the city. As per the directive from High Court dry and the wet waste generated in Bangalore city have be transported to different landfills instead of dumping them together. Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) is to transport only dry waste to the Mandur landfill. The wet waste is to go to the temporary landfill at Survey No. 1 of Chikknagamangala village, Sarjapur Hobli on the city’s outskirts. The State government has recently identified a new landfill which is spread across 94. 35 acres. The Government is also looking for foreign players to help resolve this issue. A Sri Lankan group has come forward to invest  Ã¢â€š ¬ 38. 46 million and they will implement Israeli waste management technology. Key drivers for the growth of Waste Management sector * Stricter norms are being proposed by the government for treating hazardous industrial wastes. Supreme Court rulings and public interest litigations are actively planning for managing domestic wastes. * Now that size of landfill space is shrinking with the increasing population in rural areas, it has become imperative to use better management and new technologies for managing waste. * Many government schemes and grants are being handed over for infrastructure development in small and medium sized towns. What it means for international companies Invariably, India offers excellent opportunities for international or foreign companies specializing in various waste management processes.Even the companies selling products and technology will find India as a big and lucrative marketplace. With a growing urgency for efficient waste management in many cities across India, there will be more and more projects and employment opportunities in the sector. As seen in the above mentioned cases, foreign companies get the golden opportunity of partnering with Indian players to create integrated solutions in various waste management areas like feasibility st udy, design and planning, technical consultations, waste treatment technologies, restructuring of existing waste collection systems, etc.Some of the areas where foreign companies can play an integral part are: * Engineering services * Transportation and waste collection * Technical consulting * Performing feasibility studies * Landfill treatment * Composting technologies * Dumpsite treatment * Waste treatment plants * Operation and maintenance services * Biological waste treatment * Mechanical waste treatment * Sewage sludge treatment * Treatment and recycling