Introduction to Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Prologue to Networking - Essay Example The piece of the controller stack is normally executed in a minimal effort gadget, which contains a chip and a Bluetooth radio. The host stack is executed as an installable bundle or a working framework. In incorporated gadgets like Bluetooth headsets, the controller and host stack are run on a similar microchip so as to diminish creation costs. L2CAP is utilized in the Bluetooth convention stack to pass parcels to Host Controller Interface (HCI) or to the connection supervisor. Correspondence between PCs in a fiber channel arrange uses different components of the fiber channel standards. Fiber channel correspondence is typically done in units of four 10-piece codes alluded to as transmission word. The transmission words improve section of data between the frameworks. In moving data, it is fundamental for fiber channel correspondence to involve some meta-information. This encourages setting up of connections and arrangement the board. The fiber channel convention typically transmits information in outlines. What's more, the convention has non-information outlines, which are utilized for informing and arrangement purposes (Matthews, 2005). Record move convention is a system convention utilized in moving documents between two has over a TCP based system like the web (Liang, 2011). It is for the most part utilized in transferring pages from a private advancement framework to an open web-facilitating server. It is fabricated utilizing customer server engineering and uses diverse control and information associations in the customer and server. This convention depicts a web standard for email transmission over the web convention systems. This convention works best when the accepting and sending machines are associated with a system constantly. This convention contains three order successions, which incorporate mail order, RCPT and information orders. The mail order sets up the arrival address while RCPT order sets up the beneficiary of the message. Then again,

Bentham’s Act Utilitarianism can be used in making Free Essays

Clarify how Bentham’s Act Utilitarianism can be utilized in settling on moral choices BY AltceReid20 Jeremy Bentham was a scholar, financial analyst, agnostic and social reformer. Being a social reformer implies that Bentham attempted to roll out a continuous improvement to society. Being a market analyst implied that he had information in the sociology and control of financial aspects. We will compose a custom exposition test on Bentham’s Act Utilitarianism can be utilized in making or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Bentham was a scholar since he considered perspectives about the world. This all affected the manner in which his thoughts were impacted. He built up the hypothesis known as Act Utilitarianism. His rendition of Utilitarianism is alluded to as Act’ Utilitarianism since it expresses that the guideline of utility ought to be applied to each demonstration acted in every one of a kind circumstance. Any demonstration is Justifiable on the off chance that it produces ‘the most noteworthy measure of joy for the best number’. By the guideline of utility Bentham implied the ‘usefulness’ of a circumstance. The rule expresses that we should intend to accomplish ‘the most noteworthy satisfaction for the best number’. Act Utilitarianism relies upon each activity or every individual quandary being determined. As indicated by Act Utilitarianism it is the estimation of the results of the specific demonstration that matters. In 1789 he composed the book ‘An Introduction to the standard of ethics and legislation’ He accepted our principle point in life was to accomplish ‘happiness’ and to stay away from ‘pain’, he needed to acquaint this with society to boost the measure of satisfaction created in specific circumstances. His hypothesis was made to drive a person; torment v delight. As individuals are persuaded by delight and torment is viewed as detestable. As expressed in his book: ‘Nature has set humankind under the administration of to sovereign experts, torment and pleasure’. Jeremy Bentham’s hypothesis is considered as relativistic; this implies here are no all inclusive standards or decides and that every circumstance must be taken a gander at freely in light of the fact that every circumstance is unique. It is likewise thought of as a teleological hypothesis. This implies it is worried about the end reason or objective of an activity for this situation it ought to consistently be satisfaction. Bentham’s hypothesis was likewise viewed as consequentialist; this implies moral choices ought to be founded on the result or outcomes of an activity. Bentham felt that society required a type of structure for settling on moral choices impacting him to present Act Utilitarianism to help treat every ethical choice as one of a kind. He was worried about the social states of his day, getting especially engaged with the two medical clinics and detainment facilities. He likewise trusted in women’s vote and the decriminalization of homosexuality. He built up the rule of utility in his hypothesis which expresses that an activity is correct in the event that it delivers the ‘greatest satisfaction for the best number’. He had solid convictions of boosting the amount of satisfaction; he was not worried about organizing which type of bliss were better than others. Bentham wrote in the Method of reasoning of Reward: ‘Prejudice separated, the round of push-pin is equivalent of significant worth with expressions of the human experience of studies of music and poetry’. Bentham’s position was that all delights are of equivalent worth. From this he formulated the decadent analytics as a methods for estimating bliss. Hedone meaning joy. There are 7 pieces of the gluttonous math being power, length, conviction, remoteness, lavishness and immaculateness which all connect to estimating the measure of bliss that a specific circumstance will create. A model be applied by utilizing the libertine math to help choose whether it is ethically right. A situation, of a multi year old young lady called Katy needs a fetus removal since she doesn’t need to have a child. Nonetheless, her folks are Christians and don't concur with her having a fetus removal. Premature birth is thought of as a moral issue since individuals contend whether it is correct or wrong. As Bentham’s hypothesis is concequentialist all Judgements made ought to be founded on the result. Utilizing the gluttonous analytics can quantify/gauge the measure of bliss that will be created. To choose the activity taken on fetus removal the force of satisfaction will be delivered. In this situation, the quality of the joy of the young lady, the guardians and society will be taken into to help give the best measure of satisfaction for the best measure of individuals. The term of the bliss will likewise be considered, to gauge to what extent the joy will keep going for. For this situation, to what extent will the bliss of the young lady last on the off chance that she has a fetus removal? The sureness of the circumstance will be estimated to decide if bliss is destined to be created. Will having a premature birth really produce satisfaction for Katy and her folks? The degree of the joy will be assessed to choose what number of individuals it will impact. In this model, will it influence her folks and society more than it’ll impact her in the event that she has a fetus removal? The remoteness of premature birth will be checked to decide how soon the bliss will happen. It will be discussed in the case of having a premature birth will promptly satisfy the young lady straight away and additionally later on. This connects to the lavishness of a circumstance assessing how much satisfaction it might deliver later on. For this situation, will fetus removal despite everything give the young lady ith satisfaction later on? r will it influence her family and society all the more so? Once more, this connections with the virtue of the circumstance which is the choice of whether it will give misery later on. Will fetus removal cause despondency for the young lady, her family and society. As should be obvious the decadent analytics progresses in the d irection of carrying the best joy to the best measure of individuals estimating the nature of satisfaction not the amount. In this model, the gluttonous analytics would assist with choosing whether premature birth is ethically right assisting with settling on moral choices. The edonic math causes you to weigh out what is ethically directly in a circumstance offering a target see lessening thoughts and one-sided alternatives. It considers various decisions barring religion. For this situation, the decadent analytics would conclude that is ethically directly for Katy to have a premature birth. The epicurean math would finish up this since society may imagine that 16 is too youthful to even consider having a child which would give them progressively by and large satisfaction of the young lady having a fetus removal. Be that as it may, having the fetus removal may cause despondency for her family however absolution is in the core of Christians, on the off chance that they comprehend that having a premature birth will make an extremely high measure of bliss for Katy and numerous individuals of society may concur with her having a fetus removal it exceeds the despondency of the guardians. If Katy somehow happened to finish her fetus removal it would give her more joy in the then and future as having an infant may influence different parts of her life. As should be obvious the libertine analytics moves in the direction of carrying satisfaction to the best measure of individuals in this manner supporting Bentham’s convictions and following Act Utilitarianism. The most effective method to refer to Bentham’s Act Utilitarianism can be utilized in making, Papers

Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction

Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Print Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction By Jerry Kennard Jerry Kennard, PhD, is a psychologist and associate fellow of the British Psychological Society. Learn about our editorial policy Jerry Kennard Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 monkeybusinessimages / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Caffeine Internet Shopping Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Sex addiction can be conceptualized as the compulsive engagement in sex despite negative consequences. Moreover, it is a  behavior that is emotionally distressing rather than fulfilling. The concept of sex addiction has been thought of in a variety of ways. A sexual addiction does share many of the hallmarks of  clinical addiction. One of these hallmarks of addiction is that the person will be unable to control their behavior even if the negative consequences are clear (or even likely) people with a sex addiction will be unable to stop the behavior unless there is some sort of intervening event. The Difference Between an Addiction and a Compulsion As opposed to someone with a healthy sex drive, a person with a sex addiction will spend a  disproportionate amount of time seeking or engaging in sex while keeping the activity secret from others.?? As a result, personal and professional relationships may suffer. There may even be an increased risk of  sexually transmitted infection, including HIV, if a person is unable to rein in their sexual impulses. People with a sex addiction often will use sex as a form of escape from other emotional and psychological problems, including stress, anxiety, depression, and social isolation.?? Defining Features Commonly Found in People With Sex Addiction Not everyone in the medical community is convinced that sex addiction is an established diagnosis.?? Because of this, sex addiction  is not listed as a clinical diagnosis in the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM) published by the  American Psychiatric Association  (APA). As a result, the diagnostic criteria for a sex addiction is often vague and subjective. However, several defining features common to people with sex addiction have been suggested.: Sex dominates the persons life to the exclusion of other activities.The person masturbates habitually when alone.The person engages in other forms of sex when alone, including phone sex, pornography, or computer sex.  The person engages in sex with multiple partners and/or has extramarital affairs.Sexual activities may be inappropriate and/or risky and may include exhibitionism, public sex, sex with prostitutes, or regular attendance at sex clubs.The constant urge  for sex is typically interspersed with feelings of regret, anxiety, depression, or shame. In fact, a sexual addiction is most often characterized by a vicious circle of hypersexuality and low self-esteem.?? Although sex can bring short-term relief, the harm to the persons psychological well-being will often increase and worsen over time. A person does not have to engage in extreme or strange sex to have an addiction. They will simply be unable to stop themselves despite the harm that they know may result from their behavior. Causes   There are a number of theories as to why a sexual addiction occurs. Some of these involve conceptualizing a sex addiction as a form of impulse control, obsessive-compulsive or relationship disorder. They also include the idea that in some individuals sexual addictions emerge as a consequence and way of coping with early traumas, including sexual trauma. In some forms of mental illness (such as bipolar disorder), hypersexuality may be a symptom. In certain instances, neurological disorders (such as epilepsy, head injury, or dementia), have been known to cause hypersexual behaviors. Certain drugs that impact dopamine may also rarely do the same. Getting Help for Sex Addiction Sexual addiction requires treatment from a medical professional experienced in the field, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or sex therapist.?? Treatment can vary based on the underlying cause, but will typically be conducted on an outpatient basis with counseling and behavioral therapies. If the sex addiction is associated with an anxiety disorder or mood disorder, medications may be prescribed as part of the treatment plan. There are currently no established recommendations on the appropriate use of medications to treat a sex addiction outside of the realm of these clinically classified disorders. The first point of contact can be a family doctor or local psychiatric association, both of which can make a referral to the appropriate specialist. Marital therapy may also be helpful.?? There are also a growing number of sex addiction support groups, some of which deal with co-additions (such as sex and substance abuse) and others of which are built on a 12-step recovery model.

Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction

Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Print Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction By Jerry Kennard Jerry Kennard, PhD, is a psychologist and associate fellow of the British Psychological Society. Learn about our editorial policy Jerry Kennard Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 monkeybusinessimages / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Caffeine Internet Shopping Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Sex addiction can be conceptualized as the compulsive engagement in sex despite negative consequences. Moreover, it is a  behavior that is emotionally distressing rather than fulfilling. The concept of sex addiction has been thought of in a variety of ways. A sexual addiction does share many of the hallmarks of  clinical addiction. One of these hallmarks of addiction is that the person will be unable to control their behavior even if the negative consequences are clear (or even likely) people with a sex addiction will be unable to stop the behavior unless there is some sort of intervening event. The Difference Between an Addiction and a Compulsion As opposed to someone with a healthy sex drive, a person with a sex addiction will spend a  disproportionate amount of time seeking or engaging in sex while keeping the activity secret from others.?? As a result, personal and professional relationships may suffer. There may even be an increased risk of  sexually transmitted infection, including HIV, if a person is unable to rein in their sexual impulses. People with a sex addiction often will use sex as a form of escape from other emotional and psychological problems, including stress, anxiety, depression, and social isolation.?? Defining Features Commonly Found in People With Sex Addiction Not everyone in the medical community is convinced that sex addiction is an established diagnosis.?? Because of this, sex addiction  is not listed as a clinical diagnosis in the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM) published by the  American Psychiatric Association  (APA). As a result, the diagnostic criteria for a sex addiction is often vague and subjective. However, several defining features common to people with sex addiction have been suggested.: Sex dominates the persons life to the exclusion of other activities.The person masturbates habitually when alone.The person engages in other forms of sex when alone, including phone sex, pornography, or computer sex.  The person engages in sex with multiple partners and/or has extramarital affairs.Sexual activities may be inappropriate and/or risky and may include exhibitionism, public sex, sex with prostitutes, or regular attendance at sex clubs.The constant urge  for sex is typically interspersed with feelings of regret, anxiety, depression, or shame. In fact, a sexual addiction is most often characterized by a vicious circle of hypersexuality and low self-esteem.?? Although sex can bring short-term relief, the harm to the persons psychological well-being will often increase and worsen over time. A person does not have to engage in extreme or strange sex to have an addiction. They will simply be unable to stop themselves despite the harm that they know may result from their behavior. Causes   There are a number of theories as to why a sexual addiction occurs. Some of these involve conceptualizing a sex addiction as a form of impulse control, obsessive-compulsive or relationship disorder. They also include the idea that in some individuals sexual addictions emerge as a consequence and way of coping with early traumas, including sexual trauma. In some forms of mental illness (such as bipolar disorder), hypersexuality may be a symptom. In certain instances, neurological disorders (such as epilepsy, head injury, or dementia), have been known to cause hypersexual behaviors. Certain drugs that impact dopamine may also rarely do the same. Getting Help for Sex Addiction Sexual addiction requires treatment from a medical professional experienced in the field, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or sex therapist.?? Treatment can vary based on the underlying cause, but will typically be conducted on an outpatient basis with counseling and behavioral therapies. If the sex addiction is associated with an anxiety disorder or mood disorder, medications may be prescribed as part of the treatment plan. There are currently no established recommendations on the appropriate use of medications to treat a sex addiction outside of the realm of these clinically classified disorders. The first point of contact can be a family doctor or local psychiatric association, both of which can make a referral to the appropriate specialist. Marital therapy may also be helpful.?? There are also a growing number of sex addiction support groups, some of which deal with co-additions (such as sex and substance abuse) and others of which are built on a 12-step recovery model.

Haym Salomon, American Revolution Spy and Financier

Born to a Sephardic Jewish family in Poland, Haym Salomon emigrated to New York during the American Revolution. His work in support of the American Revolution—first as a spy, and later brokering loans—helped the patriots win the war. Fast Facts: Haym Salomon Also Known As: Chaim SalomonKnown For: Former spy and financial broker who worked in support of the American Revolution. Born: April 7, 1740 in Leszno, PolandDied: January 6, 1785 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Early Years Haym Salomon (born Chaim Salomon) was born on April 7, 1740 in Leszno, Poland. His family was part of a group of Sephardic Jews descended from Spanish and Portuguese immigrants. As a young man, Haym traveled all over Europe; like many Europeans, he spoke several languages. In 1772, Salomon left Poland, following the country’s partitioning that essentially removed its status as a sovereign nation. He decided to try his luck in the British colonies, and he emigrated to New York City. War and Espionage By the time the American Revolution broke out, Salomon had already established himself as a businessman and financial broker in New York City. At some point in the 1770s, he became involved in the patriot movement and joined the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization that fought against British taxation policies. Salomon had a supply contract with the patriot army, and at some point in 1776, he was arrested in New York by the British for espionage. Although it is not known for certain that Salomon was a spy, the British authorities seem to have thought so. However, they decided to spare him from the traditional death sentence for spies. Instead, they offered him a pardon in exchange for his linguistic services. The British officers needed translators to communicate with their Hessian soldiers, most of whom spoke no English at all. Salomon was fluent in German, so he served as an interpreter. This didn’t exactly work the way the British wanted it to, as Salomon used his translating as an opportunity to encourage as many as five hundred German soldiers to desert the British ranks. He also spent a lot of time helping patriot captives escape from British prisons. He was arrested for espionage again in 1778, and sentenced to death once more. This time, there was no offer of pardon. Salomon managed to escape, fleeing to Philadelphia with his wife and children. Although he was virtually penniless when he arrived at the rebel capital, within a short amount of time he re-established himself as a merchant and financial broker. Financing the Revolution Once he had settled comfortably in Philadelphia and his brokerage business was up and running, Salomon was appointed to the role of paymaster general for French troops fighting on behalf of the colonists. He was also engaged in selling securities that supported Dutch and French loans to the Continental Congress. In addition, he advanced funds personally to members of the Continental Congress, offering financial services below market rates. Over a three year period, Salomon’s financial contributions to George Washington and the war effort totaled well over $650,000, which translates to upwards of $18M in today’s currency. Much of this money was funneled into Washington’s accounts in the latter part of 1781. In August of 1781, British general Charles Cornwallis and his troops were penned in near Yorktown. Washington’s army had Cornwallis surrounded, but because Congress was essentially out of money, the continental troops hadn’t been paid in some time. They were also low on rations and crucial uniform components. In fact, Washington’s soldiers were close to staging a coup, and many were considering desertion as a better option than staying in Yorktown. According to legend, Washington wrote to Morris, and asked him to send Haym Salomon. Bruce Leighty / Getty Images Salomon managed to secure the $20,000 in finances that Washington needed to keep his men fighting, and ultimately, the British were defeated at Yorktown, in what would be the final major battle of the American Revolution. After the war ended, Salomon brokered numerous loans between other nations and the newly formed United States government. Final Years Sadly, Haym Salomons financial efforts during the war led to his downfall. He had loaned out hundreds of thousands of dollars during the Revolution, and because of the unstable economy in the colonies, most private borrowers (and even government entities) were unable to repay their loans. In 1784, his family was nearly penniless. Salomon died on January 8, 1785 at the age of 44 from complications from tuberculosis, which he had contracted while in prison. He was buried at his synagogue, Mikveh Israel, in Philadelphia. In the 1800s, his descendants unsuccessfully petitioned Congress for compensation. However, in 1893, Congress decreed that a gold medal be struck in Salomons honor. In 1941, the City of Chicago erected a statue featuring George Washington flanked by Morris and Salomon. Sources Blythe, Bob. â€Å"The American Revolution: Haym Salomon.†Ã‚  National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/revwar/about_the_revolution/haym_salomom.html.Feldberg, Michael. â€Å"Haym Salomon: Revolutionary Broker.†Ã‚  My Jewish Learning, My Jewish Learning, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/haym-salomon-revolutionary-broker/.Percoco, James. â€Å"Haym Salomon.†Ã‚  American Battlefield Trust, 7 Aug. 2018, www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/haym-salomon.Terry, Erica. â€Å"Haym Solomon: The Man Behind the Myth of the Dollars Star of David.†Ã‚  Jspace News, 12 Dec. 2016, jspacenews.com/haym-solomon-man-behind-myth-dollars-star-david/.

Persuasive Against School Uniforms - 716 Words

Do you think school uniforms will help your child not become bullied? Well, you’re wrong. Studies are showing that school uniforms are beginning to cause bullying instead of preventing it. School uniforms are becoming a bigger and bigger problem in today’s society. They are very expensive, they do not allow students to express themselves, and they are not helpful for students to try and find out who they are. On average parents will pay close to $300 per child every year for school uniforms. Students and parents both have sides to why this trend is bad and why it is good. Some students and parents think that school uniforms help students perform better in school, attain a better attendance record, and fit in easier among their†¦show more content†¦The parents can not afford to spend all the money of the â€Å"required† uniform, so they buy a knockoff version of it. This will then make their child stand out again and they can get bullied by classmates and singled out by faculty members. To help this problem uniforms should not be allowed. They are causing more problems than they are solving, by causing bullying instead of preventing it. One of the most commonly stated reason that uniforms should not be allowed in public schools is that it takes away from letting students show their true individuality. Uniforms put all the students in the same box and do not let them show their personality through their clothes. At most schools, clothing is a big indicator of how a person acts or how their personality is. Some people argue that this helps stop gang violence at a school or makes everyone feel equal. Although these may be true, uniforms still do not let kids be themselves. The main thing wrong with today’s society is that teens have been put in boxes for a very long time so they do not know how to be themselves and think for themselves. Uniforms help this because they make everyone alike and do not give kids a chance of being themselves. Without uniforms, students will be able to show their personalities through clothes and it will make them feel more comfortable and more likely to step out of the box that they have been put in. Hopefully, youShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Against School Uniforms1011 Words   |  5 Pagesclothing generally does not disrupt education in schools and therefore should have the right to choose their outfits. Students use clothing as an outlet for self-expression and as part of their identity. Advocates for uniforms are convinced that uniforms are effective, however; forcing students to wear uniforms has a negative impact on academic achievement. School uniforms are not beneficial to students education in the public school. School uniforms withhold students the opportunity to have creativityRead MoreSchool Uniforms are Essential: Dealing With Discrimination and Upholding Individuality1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthe psychological level of self-identification, bring this deceptive notion of fashion and social classes to school. The problem comes when this trend affects the performance of students and their personal lives. We all remember our days back when the talk was â€Å"Who are the jocks, the cheerleaders, the rick kids, the geeks, the losers, etcetera?† Believe it or not, the status quo in schools is always composed of them. These cliques have identities exclusive for each. Students who do not look, act,Read MoreDo School Uniform Have An Effect On Students Academic Achievement?1273 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Research question: Do school uniform have an effect on students academic achievement ? - What do school uniforms mean to students? -What are the pros and cons of having school uniform? - What is the effect it has on students? This research starts with the hypothesis: there is no relationship between uniform and student academic achievement. This main research topic is divided into three subtopics above to address the main question gradually. The aim for conducting this researchRead MoreThe Implementation Of School Uniforms1243 Words   |  5 Pagesdebated upon is the implementation of school uniforms. In the United States, school uniforms have become more and more widespread. Although, some schools disagree with the requirement of a school uniform and decide to require a school dress code instead. The pros and cons of a school uniform are very controversial. Deciding whether a school uniform should be implemented is not a black and white issue. Arguments to support school uniforms state that school uniforms create an altogether better environmentRead MoreSchool Uniforms: Dealing With Discrimination Upholding Individuality1647 Words   |  7 PagesHigh School Musical, one flip on Seventeen Magazine, and one walk at a school hallway are all it takes to make a student be aware of how hell it feels like to be stared at and insulted by the other students if he/she wears this humongous thick glasses, knee-high socks, and clothes repeated last week. Media has influenced a lot of today’s trends and ideologies. Adolescents, being on the psychological level of self-identification, bring this perspective of fashion and social classes at school. TheRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1561 Words   |  7 Pages Casondra Garrison Whetstine Eng. 207 Persuasive Essay 11/02/2015 Students in Secondary Schools should be Required to Wear Uniforms No matter what you dress students in, they will always find a way to pass judgement upon their peers, but it how to get children to realize it’s whats on the inside that matters not the outside. Yes, I believe it starts with the parents, but also it’s schools that need to teach the children as well. It s not based upon the style of clothes worn there are many otherRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Michelle Obamas Speech900 Words   |  4 Pagesand persuade her audience. In her Speech, Michelle Obama uses anaphora; the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences or phrases, to create a more persuasive and alluring speech. Mrs. Obama used anaphora in several sections of her speech and the most persuasive area where it was used is, â€Å"Barack and I think about every day as we try to guide and protect our girls through the challenges of this unusual life in the spotlight, how we urge them to ignoreRead MoreHitlers Success in Winning the Hearts and Minds of Youths Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesto make their decisions, Hitler showed that he wasn’t succeeding in his Youth campaign. Other evidence that implies Hitler did not successfully win over the hearts or minds of all youths is the youth organisations set up to rebel against Nazi ideology. An example of this kind of organisation, are the Edelweiss Pirates who objected to Hitler’s rule. During the Second World War these groups, also known as Swing Groups, directly challenged Nazi orthodox despite the dangersRead MoreMy Experience as a Writer1758 Words   |  8 Pagesthe time I reached Elementary school, we learned about the sentence structure and we began making more complex sentences. We also started writing paragraphs and short essays. When I reached Middle school, we began writing longer essays and we learned how to write in more detail. We started learning more advanced vocabulary and different styles of writing. We learned mostly about fiction, non-fiction, and persuasive essays. In my freshman and sophomore year in high school, we discussed the other typesRead MoreTeenagers Are Irresponsible, Emotional, Narcissistic And Ungrateful1370 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical philosophers. Believing fervently in female independence and equality, her biological mother was one of the most prominent feminist thinkers of her time. One of her most well-known works, entitled A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was a persuasive essay pleading the g overnment for state-regulated education for girls. Her father was also a radical political philosopher and novelist and despised the entire institution of marriage. ( ) With all of this behind her, it is an easy assumption to

An Analysis of On Sitting Down To Read King Lear Once...

An Analysis of On Sitting Down To Read King Lear Once Again nbsp; The poem On Sitting Down to Read King Lear Once Again by John Keats is a sonnet about Keats relationship with the drama that became his idea of tragic perfection, and how it relates to his own struggle with the issues of short life and premature death. Keats uses the occasion of the rereading this play to explore his seduction by it and its influence on himself and his ways of looking at himself and his situation in spite of his negative capability. nbsp; From the first few lines Keats alludes to the great romances of the previous ages as opposed to William Shakespeares great tragedies. While it could be discerned that Keats is referring to his poem†¦show more content†¦nbsp; The second quatrain gives the reader the insight of the reasons why he must pull himself away from the pull of the Romance and focus on the tragedy. Keats writes once again, the fierce dispute/ Betwixt damnation and impassiond clay/ Must I burn through, (5 - 7). This shows that while tragedy, in this case King Lear, may not be as attractive as the fair plumed Syren (2) he forsakes, it is much more necessary for Keats to burn through (7) tragedy in order to concentrate on his own impending mortality. As Keats forces himself to burn through; once more humbly assay/ The bitter-sweet of this Shakesperian fruit (7 - 8) Keats is faced with that that is bitter (his knowledge of his mortality), and that that is sweet (his learning how to become immortal). In the line Chief Poet! And ye clouds of Albion. (9) it can be seen that Keats addresses both Shakespeare and England as if both were friends were friends as dear, all be they of different qualities, as the Syren of romance. Keats use of th e term Albion (9) identifies England in the terms used in an earlier time by the ancient Kelts. As King Lear is set in Keltic Britain we can see which piece of Shakesperian fruit (8) Keats is bearing here. LineShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Irrelevant God in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms2818 Words   |  12 PagesThe Irrelevant God in A Farewell to Arms      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Farewell to Arms begins with a gods-eye-view, cinematic pan of the hills surrounding Gorizia-the camera of our minds eye, racing forward through time, sweeps up and down the landscape, catching isolated events of the first year in the town as it goes. The film ultimately slows to a crawl, passing through the window of a whorehouse to meet the eyes of Frederic Henry watching the snow falling. As we attach ourselves to Frederic Henrys perspectiveRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesthe valuation should be considered before decisions are made on its basis. For instance, a self-valuation done by a target firm in a takeover is likely to be positively biased. While this does not make the valuation worthless, it suggests that the analysis should be viewed with skepticism. The Biases in Equity Research The lines between equity research and salesmanship blur most in periods that are characterized by â€Å"irrationa l exuberance†. In the late 1990s, the extraordinary surge of market values

Econ 201 Ch. 6 Elasticity of Demand Essay Example For Students

Econ 201 Ch. 6: Elasticity of Demand Essay The formula for cross elasticity of demand is percentage change in: quantity demanded of X/percentage change in price of Y. Refer to the diagrams. In which case would the coefficient of income elasticity be positive? A The price elasticity of demand coefficient measures: buyer responsiveness to price changes. The state legislature has cut Gigantic State Universitys appropriations. GSUs Board of Regents decides to increase tuition and fees to compensate for the loss of revenue. The board is assuming that the: demand for education at GSU is inelastic. The demand for autos is likely to be: less price elastic than the demand for Honda Accords. Refer to the information and assume the stadium capacity is 5,000. If the Mudhens management charges $7 per ticket: there will be 1,000 empty seats. Refer to the data. Suppose quantity supplied declined by 23 units at each price, changing the equilibrium price in a direction and amount for you to determine. Over that price range, demand is: inelastic. Studies show that the demand for gasoline is: price inelastic in both the short and long run. Refer to the diagram and assume a single good. If the price of the good increased from $5.70 to $6.30 along D1, the price elasticity of demand along this portion of the demand curve would be: 1.2. The price of product X is reduced from $100 to $90 and, as a result, the quantity demanded increases from 50 to 60 units. Therefore, demand for X in this price range: is elastic. The supply of product X is perfectly inelastic if the price of X rises by: 10 percent and quantity supplied stays the same. The greater the ease of shifting resources from product X to product Y in the production process, the greater is the elasticity of supply of product Y. True We would expect the coefficient of cross elasticity of demand for DVD players and DVDs to be positive. False If the coefficient of income elasticity of demand is positive, the product is an inferior good. False In which of the following instances will total revenue decline? Price rises and demand is elastic. Suppose the price of a product rises and the total revenue of sellers increases. No conclusion can be reached with respect to the elasticity of supply. Answer the question on the basis of the following demand and supply data: Refer to the data. The supply of this product is inelastic in the $6-$5 price range. False Which type of goods is most adversely affected by recessions? Goods for which the income elasticity coefficient is relatively high and positive. We would expect: the demand for Coca-Cola to be more price elastic than the demand for soft drinks in general. A perfectly inelastic demand curve: A perfectly inelastic demand curve: For a linear demand curve: demand is elastic at high prices. Gigantic State University raises tuition for the purpose of increasing its revenue so that more faculty can be hired. GSU is assuming that the demand for education at GSU is: relatively inelastic. Compared to coffee, we would expect the cross elasticity of demand for: Compared to coffee, we would expect the cross elasticity of demand for: Suppose the price elasticity coefficients of demand are 1.43, 0.67, 1.11, and 0.29 for products W, X, Y, and Z respectively. A 1 percent decrease in price will increase total revenue in the case(s) of: W and Y. Refer to the table. Over the $10-$8 price range, the elasticity coefficient of supply is: less than 1. If demand for a product is elastic, the value of the price elasticity coefficient is: greater than one. If the demand for bacon is relatively elastic, a 10 percent decline in the price of bacon will: increase the amount demanded by more than 10 percent. increase the amount demanded by more than 10 percent. the greater will be the price elasticity of demand. In which of the following cases will total revenue increase? Price rises and demand is inelastic. The price elasticity of demand is generally: negative, but the minus sign is ignored. It takes a considerable amount of time to increase the production of pork. This implies that: the short-run supply curve for pork is less elastic than the long-run supply curve for pork. A cross elasticity of demand coefficient of +2.5 indicates that the two products are substitutes. True Antiques tend to have highly inelastic supply curves. True A perfectly inelastic demand schedule: can be represented by a line parallel to the vertical axis. Refer to the diagrams. In which case would the coefficient of cross elasticity of demand be negative? C Which of the following goods (with their respective income elasticity coefficients in parentheses) will most likely suffer a decline in demand during a recession? Plasma screen and LCD TVs (+4.2) The narrower the definition of a product: the larger the number of substitutes and the greater the price elasticity of demand. A manufacturer of frozen pizzas found that total revenue decreased when price was lowered from $5 to $4. It was also found that total revenue decreased when price was raised from $5 to $6. Thus, the demand for pizza is elastic above $5 and inelastic below $5. The supply of known Monet paintings is: perfectly inelastic. Refer to the diagram. If price falls from P1 to P2, total revenue will become area(s): B + D. The larger the positive cross elasticity coefficient of demand between products X and Y, the: greater their substitutability. A linear demand curve has a constant elasticity over the full range of the curve. False (Consider This) The supply of higher education in the United States is: highly price inelastic. Most demand curves are relatively elastic in the upper-left portion because the original price: from which the percentage price change is calculated is large and the original quantity from which the percentage change in quantity is calculated is small. Refer to the table. Over the $6-$4 price range, supply is: inelastic. Refer to the diagram. Between prices of $5.70 and $6.30: D1 is more elastic than D2. The demand for a necessity whose cost is a small portion of ones total income is: relatively price inelastic. Suppose Aiyannas Pizzeria currently faces a linear demand curve and is charging a very high price per pizza and doing very little business. Aiyanna now decides to lower pizza prices by 5 percent per week for an indefinite period of time. We can expect that each successive week: demand will become less price elastic. If the elasticity coefficient of supply is 0.7, supply is elastic. False The price elasticity of demand for widgets is 0.80. Assuming no change in the demand curve for widgets, a 16 percent increase in sales implies a: 20 percent reduction in price. Assume that a 6 percent increase in income in the economy produces a 3 percent increase in the quantity demanded of good X. The coefficient of income elasticity of demand is: positive and therefore X is a normal good. If the University Chamber Music Society decides to raise ticket prices to provide more funds to finance concerts, the Society is assuming that the demand for tickets is: inelastic. The demand for a product is inelastic with respect to price if: consumers are largely unresponsive to a per unit price change. Refer to the diagram. In the P3P4 price range, demand is: relatively inelastic. The demand schedules for such products as eggs, bread, and electricity tend to be: relatively price inelastic. Answer the question on the basis of the following demand and supply data: .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae , .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae .postImageUrl , .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae , .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae:hover , .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae:visited , .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae:active { border:0!important; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae:active , .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc863909eb8a6b9bbd8814505ed6192ae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Supply and Demand Essay Refer to the data. The demand for this product is elastic in the $8-$7 price range. True We would expect the cross elasticity of demand between dress shirts and ties to be: negative, indicating complementary goods. Refer to the diagrams. The case of complementary goods is represented by figure: C. Which of the following generalizations is not correct? The price elasticity of demand is greater for necessities than it is for luxuries. Refer to the data. Suppose quantity demanded increased by 12 units at each price, changing the equilibrium price in a direction and an amount for you to determine. Over that price range, supply is: inelastic.

Research Paper Discuss Spam and Spyware an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Research Paper Discuss Spam and Spyware Information technology deals with the employment of electronic computers and computer software and hardware to be able for the required information to be converted, stored, protected, processed, transmitted and retrieved safely and securely.In the 1970s, information technology came into being. However, the fundamental concepts of information technology had been alive before it was termed as information technology. The military and many industries had been able to help each other by developing electronics, computers and information theory. This was evident throughout the 20th century. With the efforts of the military and the funds it had provided, the discovery and innovation in the field of mechanization and computing has been able to provide motivation for newer developments. Need essay sample on "Research Paper Discuss Spam and Spyware" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Frequently Tell Us: Idon't want to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my boyfriend Professional writers advise: Help With Essay Writing. Here Is Your Life Vest! Essay Writing Services Essay Review Service How to Make Assignment Essay Company According to the history of the information technology, the first computer to be able to used commercially was the UNIVAC I. It was officially released for the use in the United States Census Bureau. This was designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. During the years when information technology was coiled, the use of microcomputers had been very rampant. This was closely followed by the discovery of the personal computers by the IBM. As the years had progressed, there were four generations of information technology. This four generations had been able to be characterized by decreasing in the size of computers but increasing in the capabilities it can offer. The first generation had used the vacuum tubes whilr the second generation was called the transistors. The third generation used the integrated circuits. And the fourth generation used the very-large-scale-integration which is also widely used until these times. Today, the term information technology had catered many uses in terms of computing and technology. It is widely used for installing computers as well as for the design of different complex structures of the computers and the storage of information databases. Importance of Information Technology Many rapid changes in information technology had occurred. These changes had included the changes in the technology of semiconductor, the storage of information and the various concepts of networking. This changes when combined with the developments in software had been able to allow new opportunities in applications. It had also help in the reduction of costs and the extensive dissemination of information technology. It had also greatly contributed in making information technology more functional and it had further pushed the unending expansion of information technology (National Science Indicators, 2000). Significance of information technology in the semiconductor technology had been evident in terms of the new advances that information technology had created. Improvements in the presentation of integrated circuits the huge reduction of costs that had been massive had given much emphasis for the advances in information technology to happen. The rampant change of these integrated circuits from large to miniatures had been a great drive for the development of the different advances in the field of information technology. The discovery of the semiconductor chips had offered its users a less expensive cost but a more powerful tool to be used in computing for important devices and equipments. Moreover, semiconductor chips had been omnipresent nowadays. Together with the advancement in the field of semiconductors technology, new capabilities were being added up to the semiconductor chips that had made it a more powerful one. This includes the microelectromechanical systems more commonly kno wn as the MEMs. Microelectromechanical systems are made up of sensors and actuators and processors of digital signal. Processors of digital signal will be able to facilitate the decrease in costs and most importantly it will be able to widen information technology into kinds of devices that are newer. Spam and Spyware Spam is defined in electronics as the bulk electronic messages. This bulk of messages are all unwanted and undesired (Aguilar, 1998). The act of using spam is called spamming wherein it is the abuse of electronic messaging systems. E-mail spam is known to be the most widely known kind of spam. Other abusive spam is very common in other media such as the instant messaging system, Usenet newsgroup spam and Web search spam. Others include spasm in blogs, mobile phone messaging, internet forum and some junk fax transmission. History had noted that the term spam came from the Monty Phyton Spam Sketch. This was set in a nearby caf wherein everything that they serve includes the widely known luncheon meat SPAM. The spam-filled menu when recited by the servers some of the costumers (Viking patrons) of the caf gets the attention of all the other costumers by singing in chorus a song which goes Spam, spam, spam, spam.. lovely spam, wonderful spam. The term spam had not been widely used in 1970 although the first emergence of unsolicited commercial email had taken place during this year. In 1980, spam was used to explain the act that the abusive users who have repeatedly used the word spam in the Bulletin Board Systems and Multi User Dimensions. The result of the repeatedly used word (spam) will let the users text to disappear in their screen (Templeton, 2007). As the years had passed, the term spam was used on USENET. The term means that there is an excessive multiple posting. The excessive multiple posting also means repeated posting of the same messages. This was done by Mr. Joel Furr in response to the result of the Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation incident. A small piece of experimental software which caused thousands of recursive messages sent on the newsgroup called the news.admin.policy as the response of Mr. Furr to the ARMM incident. In 1994, Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel started the commercial spamming. Because of the development of the Green Card Spam, several postings in the email as a means of advertisement had begun (Templeton, 2007). Spyware is defined as the secretly installed computer software on a personal computer interrupt the users interaction with the computer. This can take place without the consent of the computer user. The threats of spyware by the computer user do not only end in the secret monitoring and interference of the user but it can also extend in terms of collecting various personal information. It can also get in the way of the users control over the computer by the attempt of installation of programs or software by a third party. Other activities such as redirecting the browser of the web or switching the revenue of advertising to a third party from the original user of the computer. Spyware was first used when someone poked fun at the Microsofts business model that was posted using the USENET. Spyware makes sense in terms of spying activities (Vossen, 1997). A study that was done by America On Line, Inc. and the National Cyber-Security Alliance presented that among the computer users they surveyed, there is a sixty one percent spam was present in the computers of the surveyed computer users. Moreover, results have shown a ninety-two percent of the computer users were unaware of the spam present in their computers. There is also a ninety one percent among these computer users that have not given any permission that a spyware be installed in their computers (AOL/NCSA Online Safety Study, 2005). The Microsoft Windows operating systems had been a home for many spyware. As of 2006, spyware had become the most excellent security threats present in many operating systems. There was an estimate that has been released by Webroot Software that nine out of ten computer users that uses the internet were infected by various spyware ( Spyware Education Center, 2007). Solutions to SPAM and SPYWARE Troublesome problems of spams are still widely used today but the development of state of the art software like antispams can eliminate threats that spams have created. An analyst in the person of Miss Richi Jennings added that the omnipresent use of the antispam software can justify the threats that spam had created. Moreover, the strategy of eliminating spams will start by means of making the spams invisible by the people using computers. Those people who will not be able to see the computer generated spams will not be able to buy the advertised products in the spam ads. And when the advertised products are no longer paid by the consumers, spammers wont be able to develop more spams since they will not get any more payments for their work. This strategy will little by little stop the problems created by spams (Parizo, 2006). There were some proposed solutions to solve the problems of undesired junk emails. Recipient revolt is one of the solutions wherein this was used by legitimate companies to scare those people sending them unwanted junk e-mails. Another solution is the use of black list system. This is a great help since it is able to use a database of the recognized abusers. Unknown addresses by the computer users can also be filtered by the use of the blacklist system. By also hiding or refusing to reveal the users email address, you are able to prevent yourself from getting unwanted junk messages (Templeton, 2003) References: Aguilar, Rose. (1998). Oxford Dictionary adds Net terms. CNET Networks. AOL/NCSA Online Safety Study. (2005). America Online & The National Cyber Security Alliance. Spyware Education Center. (2007). Spyware Info and Facts that All Internet Users must Know. Webroot Software.com. Templeton, Brad. (2007). The origin of the term spam to mean net business. Templeton, Brad (2003). The Spam Solutions, An overview of Solutions to the junk email problems. Vossen, Roland. (1995) Win 95 Source code in c!!

The Euro and Its Potential for essays

The Euro and Its Potential for essays The Euro and Its Potential for Harmfully Affecting Britain Great Britain, a leading country in the world since the industrial revolution is likely to eliminate a major barrier between itself and the formation of a European state in the next several years. The introduction of a new currency, the Euro, and the loss of their own, the pound, could happen as early as the end of this year. To understand why Britain faces the possibility of changing currencies at the beginning of the twenty- first century and why this would be a mistake, you must first understand the history of the European Union. The European Union is an Organization of European countries concerning trade, defense and politics that was created in 1993. However, its roots date back to the Western European Union, or the WEU, a Union that was formed in 1948 because of the Soviets. The WEU more specifically was an agreement to pool military resources. Great Britain was not among the six nations that signed this treaty. In 1957, a very important development occurred, the WEU created the EEC or the European Economic Community. Britain did not take part in the WEU however, or the EEC, and came up with an alternative forum for trade, the European Free Trade Agreement in 1960. Britain soon realized it had taken up with only the smaller countries in the EFTA and applied for the EEC in 1961. They did not gain admittance into the EEC until 1973, when new French President George Pompidou did not bar their admittance, as his predecessor De Gaulle had done. Between 1961 and 1973 the EEC merged with the WEU to form the Eur opean Community. When Britain joined in 1973 they had to not only accepted the terms of the EEC but the WEU as well. Britains reluctant involvement with the EC and its further development the EU has continued to reflect their desire for free trade, not a European state. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1993. It formally created the European Union by doin...

Exclusionary Rule Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Exclusionary Rule Evaluation - Essay Example The Exclusionary rule is applied where a connection between illegal act by police or law enforcement authorities and the obtained evidence is proven. It is also applied when there is an indirect connection between the evidence and an illegal search. If evidence is collected in good faith, considering that the obtained search warrant is legally correct although it is not. Evidence is retained if the police officer is unaware of mistakes in the issued search warrant. There should be no legally significant mistake. However, technical mistakes can save evidence from being destroyed due to an incomplete warrant (Shestokas, 2008). The Exclusionary rule is widely criticized because in some way, it harms criminal trial proceedings. Due to the application of the Exclusionary rule, important evidence can be missed out due to lack of a search warrant or proper knowledge of police officers and the culprit might be unchained due to lack of legal evidence. Exclusionary rule diverts the attention of the court of law from the original case to details of legal and illegal evidence. Police officers have to work for more and more evidence so that if some of them will be considered illegal, others can work. This clearly depicts wastage of precious time. Cost of evidence collection is also a major issue. Although Exclusionary rule has brought more professionalism to the evidence search department of police and law enforcement agencies of society, it has done a lot to save the constitutional privacy of citizens of the state against professional misconduct of police officers, as it was observed in the past, in order to obtain evidence. Due to observance of the Exclusionary rule in criminal trials, society has to bear the greatest cost of this rule in terms of criminals that go unpunished because of excluded evidence (Lungren, 1996). Once freed from court of justice, culprit’s moral increases and this may consequently result in

Reflective Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Reflective Practice - Essay Example As Eisner (1991, p6) observes, the successes and accurate interventions of critical reflection are discussed below against potential missing links to development as supported by various literature perspectives. Most arguments for reflective practice hold the opinion that it is a very vital tool for designing development. Both teaching and learning outcomes form an important concept in education, which takes form from the quality of experiences that the teacher and learner make out of the learning process. Critical evaluation and reflection entails learning skills that individuals develop towards a sustainable progression in application of knowledge in life and career. Reflection is an important function of mental processing that enables application of thinking in the formulation of a solution to a task aimed at specific outcomes (Boulton-Lewis, Brownlee, Dart & McCrindle 1998). The application of mental skills in such a task may follow complex or unstructured knowledge to arrive at the anticipated outcome. Personal and professional development concepts adopt self-reflection and evaluation as strong tools to exploit personal abilities for a sustainable and consistent performance (Boutrup, L eerberg and Riisberg 2010, p7). Proponents of this position however fail to demonstrate the importance of personal initiative in designing one’s reflective assessment. Commonly available reflective skills are taught, which shows lack of development of initiative minds among learners and professionals if mental skills are to be developed in an equal measure. Another common element of argument for reflective practice is that both formal and informal reflective play a vital role in the development of an all-round individual in the respective performance tasks in life, learning, and career. Reflection skills facilitate the approach that individuals adopt to internalize knowledge and ideas to make

Analysis of using controlled slow cooling

Analysis of using controlled slow cooling To get the reproducible outcomes in biomedical research, genetic stability is essential and it is achieved via cryopreservation technique. Technique of cryopreservation involves the preservation of viable cells, living tissues, gametes, embryos, organs and also some organisms on cooling at low sub-zero temperatures, characteristically at -196Â °C for a prolonged time to implement the applications of these biological materials over biomedicine, conservation and animal reproduction (Mazur., 1970). Long time storage is achieved by using this technique (Pereira and Marques., 2008).The cryopreservation technique is carried out in two different ways: Vitrification and 2. Controlled slow cooling (Frederickson., 2000). To proceed with these two protocols, several steps need to be taken and also we must look its advantages and limitations. Alteration in temperature induces main two damages Freezing injury and chilling injury and these injuries are reduced greatly by using the cryoprotectant. Detailed analysis of these and its role in both vitrification and slow cooling techniques is described below (Fuller et al., 2004). TWO APPROACHES OF CRYOPRESERVATION: VITRIFICATION: Preservation of biological materials under hypothermic condition with devoid of freezing is called as vitrification (Rall, W. F. and Fahy., 1985). Vitrification induce glassy formation instead of formation of ice crystal, thus it is not causing essential damage to the living system (Fuller et al., 2004). SLOW COOLING: Preserving cells from room temperature upto the temperature of liquid nitrogen is called as slow cooling. Damage associated with this are reduced using cryoprotectant (Gao and Critse., 2004 and Guan et al., 2008). MAJOR DAMAGES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS TECHNIQUE: During cryopreservation, major injury that induces damage to the cell survival is: Freezing injury Chilling injury. (Gao and Critser., (2000). FREEZING INJURY: with the significant preservation at hypothermic temperature, water becomes solidify and it causes the cell damage, even to unviability. (Fuller et al., 2004). Freezing injury TZ p3 This diagram is reproduced from the material belongs to (Ashwood-Smith and Farrant., 1980). At high rate of freezing, ice nucleation provokes. Most cells has thermodynamic freezing point above -0.5Â °C. But the freezing of cell developed only after reaching 5Â °C. Unfrozen state of cell and its environment occurs due to the protective solutes super cooling and freezing point depression. External medium impulsively induce ice seeding formation between 5Â °C and 15Â °C, but composition of cell persist in a super cooled and unfrozen state. Extracellular solution remains in unfrozen fraction and that influences the ice formation in external medium. Concentration of solute in extracellular solution rises in respect to the decrease in temperature. So, ice formation developed and encourages probable imbalance between the cell and external solution. Water present inside the cell is in super cooled state than extracellular region; due to the potential imbalance, water migrates to extra cellular region and freezes. Entire event of cell relays over the cooling. Decrease in cool ing induces the dehydration of cell and the intracellular freezing is prohibited. Rapid cooling induces intracellular ice formation as a result of rapid decrease in extra cellular solution than the water diffusing out from the cell. Ice formation inside the cell is certainly lethal (Fuller et al., 2004). INTRACELLULAR ICE NUCLEATION: Homogenous nucleation, seeding by extracellular ice and heterogeneous nucleation are the possible ways IIF. When the rate of cooling decreases, electrolytes concentration on freezing relate to unfrozen section of water. It is classified into intra and extracellular electrolytes. CELL VOLUME DECREASE: Volume decrease whilst freezing induces injury to cells by minor tonicity solution. Decrease in cell volume whilst freezing concerns cell damage. DEHYDRATION THEORIES (Meryman): Inability of cell to shrink osmotically below perspective level whilst it tries to reaches osmotic equilibrium. This is called as minimum volume hypothesis over damage of slow-freezing. CHILLING INJURY: Different cell type reaches damage upon cooling around 0 Â °C without freezing, i.e without ice formation. Damage occurs irreversibly on chilling temperature. If this happens in sperm cells, it is termed as temperature shock. Direct and indirect chilling injuries are the major two categories of chilling injury. These injuries are expressed upon lower temperature and it is termed as cold shock. It depends over the rate of cooling. Indirect chilling injury occurs on exposure to reduced temperature for a prolonged time and it is independent of rate of cooling. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish cold shock and indirect chilling injury (Fuller et al., 2004). TZ p2 The above plot is reproduced from the material belongs to (Muldrew et al., 2004). COLD SHOCK: Cells become sensitive to cold shock as it rapidly cooled at low temperature for long time. Viability of cell and its severity of injury are relays over the rapid or slow cooling. Also this cold shock s not depends on warming rate but it depends on rate and duration of cooling (Tsai et al., 2009). Membrane permeability is injured upon rapid cooling and chance of reversibility is available for some cases. Addition of specific compounds and cell former cooling condition influences the response of cell. Thermotropic activity of lipid membrane is suspected to identify the injury due to cold shock. Lipid phase transitions of cell membrane influence the injury of cold shock in many species. INDIRECT CHILLING INJURY: Long exposure of biological materials at low temperature causes indirect chilling injury and this injury is cooling rate independent. Lipids and proteins are changed by means of its activity and structure. Eg: changes in enzyme activity and protein denaturation. Also the metabolic pathway and enzyme linked reactions face some alterations as the co-ordination is decreased according to the decrease in temperature rate (Fuller et al., 2004). ROLE OF CRYOPROTECTANT: Cryoprotectant enhances the dehydration process formerly formation of external ice. The activity of water is greatly reduced during the lack of water loss. By reducing the effect of salts, it acts as a protective influence on structure of the cell. Freezing protocol progression needs consistent method to detect the cell viability (Fuller et al., 2004). Cryopretectant may be a chemical additive that is added to the solution before freezing to ensure the high survival rate after post thawing. Role of cryoprotectant is to support and protect the survival of biological material upon cooling to hypothermic temperature for long duration of time. Property of an effective cryoprotectant is high solubility with decreased toxicity. Cryoprotectant can be classified according to chemical class and mode of action. Each categorized cryoprotectant plays a vital role upon thawing and cooling. Freezing point depression is promoted by permeating cryoprotectant due to the presence of electrolytes. Non-permeating cryoprotectant promotes decreased formation of ice crystal upon freezing by prior dehydration of biological material. Reduced deviation of volumes and solutes damage concentration is enhanced by the cryoprotectant. Eg: DMSO (Fuller et al., 2004). Cell protection is also achieved by fluctuating formation of ice crystal into harmless shape and size during thawing and freezing. It is necessary to look the toxicity of cryoprotectant over cells and its permeability. High concentration of cryoprotectant itself injured. Direct exposure of cryoprotectant with membranes and proteins induce ionic pumps disruption over trans membrane and also causes enzyme inactivation. But more amount of cryoprotectant in vitrification ensures viscous and amorphous medium. The possible approach to overcome this problem is achieved by using mixture of cryoprotectant at definite concentration (Tsai et al., 2008 and Fuller et al., 2004). SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCES OF VITRFICATION AND CONTROLLED SLOW COOLING: -ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTEGES: Effective vitrification demands enormous sample cooling and solute with high concentration with combination of cryoprotectant (Bielanski, and Lalonde., 2009). Successful vitrification was enhanced in 1985 to cryopreserve the mouse embryo and this technique is also effectively applied to preserve the blood cells, tissues, embryo and oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster, Asparagus officinalis plant as well as embryos of numerous mammalians. Cryopreservation of mammalian system report entails the success achieved through the technique of controlled freezing. However in the case of fruit fly, vitrification occupies a success where the controlled freezing failed. Efficient vitrification technique relays on an optimization of some specific steps that includes appropriate composition and concentration of provided vitrification solution with specific cooling/warming environments. Also this technique induces equilibration of living cells present and to dilute the cells present in the vitrification solution (Fuller et al., 2004). A series course of freezing and warming of bovine in-vitro matured, fertilized and cultured blastocysts using electron microscope (EM) grids (A-F) ( Reproduced from park et al., 1999) The use of slow cooling includes several ranges of rates of cooling when we compared vitrification with rapid and ultra rapid cooling. The ultimate goal of both techniques is to produce a glass like state of cells to prevent the damage caused by formation of ice crystal upon cooling (El-Danasouri, and Selman., 2005). At first, vitrification procedure involves lengthy pre-equilibrium procedure. Currently, combination of penetrating and non-penetrating solutes is used with non-toxic property with several ranges of cooling rates. Both the technique result in successful cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes of humans (Borini, and Coticchio., 2009). Even these procedures resulted good, slow cooling technique applied for cryopreservation of oocytes shows very less successive rates when compared to vitrification. Vitrification acts as a promising technique in many areas in reproductive technology, even though its positive rates need to establish further. Vitrification is an easy procedure and that consumes less time duration. Also this vitrification technique is safer and cheaper when compared to control slow cooling. ( Kuleshova, L.L. and Lopata, A., 2002). Cryopreservation of cell faces relative damage due to cooling and thawing. Mostly damage occurs whilst storing the cells at hypothermic conditions. Maintaining healthier cells for further use are very essential and we need to prevent it from genetic drift and contamination. To stop the biological action of the cell and to maintain that in its preserved state is the role of cryostorage. In fluid system, molecular motion is achieved via temperature (Fuller et al., 2004). The molecular motion get reduce according to the decrease in temperature. Biological species are designed to be viable and active at maximal temperature but it lost its activity at hypothermic condition. At that instance, lipid phase transition, structural and enzymatic damage and de-polymerization occurs (Kiefer et al., 2005). Major damaging phenomenon upon cooling are: Intracellular ice crystallisation and osmotic damage. Chilling sensitivity or cold shock leads the cell to death at the temperature below 0Â °C. These effects differ from one cell type to another. Bacteria and some viruses can sustain in 60 degree but the holding temperature for most of the biological sample is below -130Â °C (Fuller et al., 2004). Conventional cryopreservation method is established to overcome the formation of ice whilst cooling. Formation of ice crystals are avoided by vitrification via its usage of concentrated solution and rapid cooling. This vitrification method contains a potential advantage as it is rapid and this technique does not require rate cooling equipment. Vitrification results in good survival rate of preserved oocytes and embryos. Cryopreservation widely applicable to retain genetic resources and protect the endemic species (Tsai et al., 2010). Vitrification acts as an alternative method to slow cooling. This provides higher survival of pregnancy range and embryo viability. This vitrification acts as a suitable procedure in infertility clinics. In this, cryopreservation of numerous embryos is maintained within short period and thus it acts as a simple method. Still, less number of controlled studies and childbirths are concerned over vitrification technique. Multiple pregnancy risk associated w ith freezing using controlled slow cooling is restricted using vitrification. Also it works with high efficacy (Kuc et al., 2010 and Trounson and Mohr.,1983). Vitrification acts as an attractive cryopreservation method when compared with controlled slow cooling technique. In contrast to slow cooling method, this vitrification technique is precise and in this each and every step is visualized. Vitrification reduces the time duration of exposure to sub-physiological environments. It requires only less than 10 minutes carrying out while slow cooling takes nearly two hours. Vitrification is simpler and it does not need costly programmable freezing equipment. In some cases, chilling injury also prevented by vitrification (Fuller et al., 2004). Needle immersed vitrification requires less concentrated and minimum volume of vtrification solution. Maximize cooling rate, reduce toxicity of vitrification solution with low volume of less concentration cryopreservation. In vitrification, upon freezing, only numerous ice crystals are formed and so less mechanical disruption results by ice crystal (Wang et al., 2008). Vitrification technique is accompanied without the withdrawal of more amount of water. So, less chemical damage only exist. But the chemical damage due to cryoprotectant is a complicated matter. ( long). Common variation held between vitrification and controlled slow freezing is due to the numerous additions of cryoprotectants. Implementation of maximum equilibration condition and dilution are expected from the vitrification media. It is necessary to use low toxic agents in the vitrification solution. To achieve an efficient vitrification, formulation of 2 things over the vitrification technique are essential. 1. physicochemical properties : Concentrated vitrification solution induce glassy solid formation and it helps to devoid of crystallization whilst cooling. 2. cyoprotectant: using low toxic cryoprotectant with an intrinsic permeability. Vitrification protects the cell from ice formation while cryopreservation.Both the vitrification and slow cooling are used to preserve human oocytes (Fuller et al., 2004). In case of human ES cell cryopreservation, improved efficiency is noted in vitrification than in traditional cryopreservation (Zhou et al. 2004 and Peng-Fei et al., 2006). Analysis of colonies after vitrification yields rapid growth and differentiation when compared with slow freezing technique. Vitrification acts as a promising approach to cryopreserve the multi cellular tissue. Even, vitrification achieved certain merits; it is associated with several problems. In the state of vitrified, glass is susceptible to cracking. Care is essential on warming to neglect the formation of ice. Heat transfer rate occurring during vitrification process may vary depends on device.Vitrification include the rapid cooling protocol and it is difficult to maintain at certain temperature with the available equipment. Very rapid and even rewarming requires avoid of devitrification. During slow cooling, increase solute concentration to glass transition needs while prevent by cooling slow enough to allow the cells to dehydrate to protect intracellular supercooling (Youssry et al., 2008). Vitrification requires higher and potentially cytotoxic concentration of cryoprotective agents for one hour before its immersion into liquid nitrogen at specific temperature. To reduce its toxicity, pre equilibrium performed at 4Â °C. It allows the direct visualizaton of cell by the operator (El-Danasouri, and Selman., 2005) Eventhough this vitrification entails with meritful approaches, this technique still been experimental. Also, it requires more additives to reach and it is potentially cytotoxic. This technique highly depends on operator. Timing takes to cover all the steps and it is critical. In contrast to slow freezing, this vitrification needs enough level of training. If the vitrified solution stars to devitrify, (crystalise into ice), viability will be lost. This happens when thawing or extended time of storage persists (Fuller et al., 2004). Viability of vitrified samples is not certain for lengthy period of time but in case of slow cooling, preserved cells can be viable for many years, even to thousands of years. Direct exposure of cryogen can be achieved by fast cooling. As it is so, this process may carry possible contamination of organism from the liquid nitrogen. So, this process cannot be applicable for therapeutic cells. Vitrification technique is applied only to cooled cell suspensions in minor quantities. This method is not projected to apply in large quantities like cryovials, matrix tubes, bags, microtitre plates etc. Quality control measurement via this vitrification technique is made to be impossible as we need to take experiments for all straws. (Fahy et al., 2004) Usually the slow cooling procedure is used in infertility centers. But it is associated with documented limitations. Also sometimes, it damages sensitive parts of the cell ( eg- zona pellucida) and it induce biological changes. Because of these changes, we will get a depleted outcomes. To overcome this, Modifying cryopreservation procedure is attained- freezing and thawing by polymers. This also enhanced with changing the time duration of the cooling protocol and it is looked as same as the path to simplify and fast up cryobanking procedures to get beneficial results. As the vitrification technique connected with some problems, it acts as a challenging technique for reproductive medicine. The slow freezing technique serves as an effective method for humans too (Mandelbaum, J., 2000). An alternative method for cryopreservation was developed and it is called as vitrification. Comparative study has been taken between controlled slow cooling and vitrification techniques with patients undertaking controlled ovarian stimulation in GnRH agonist to determine efficacy. The rate of pregnancy after vitrification reveals more than higher successive rate than result achieved via slow cooling. Efficacy of vitrification yields (50.4%), and slow cooling results in (25.9%) successive rates.Human ovarian tissue also cryopreserved (Noriko et al 2009) Both cryopreservation as well as cryostorage contains budding advantages, especially in invitro fertilization. Ultimate goal of cryopreservation is to achieve maximum persistence rate and sustainability of biological system after thawing. In slow cooling procedure, clinically satisfactory result has not been attained. Slow cooling procedure needs costly equipment and also it is time consuming. One of a significant advantage of vitrification process is its tendency to form any ice crystals during both cooling and warming. In contrast, its limitation held in toxic effects due to addition of cryoprotectants and contamination via liquid nitrogen. In slow cooling technique, toxicity of cryoprotectant is relatively less. But many research outcomes supports the vitrification process rather than slow cooling in fertility treatment(Tsai et al., 2010). Blastocyst cells can be preserved by both the cryopreservation techniques. Among these, vitrification promotes increasing chance for future development. A reliable advancement is needed for vitrification to enhance the preservation of supernumerary blastocysts. Unsatisfactory results have been produced for the blastocyst preservation through slow freezing method. Vitrification acts as an alternative principle which is allied with capability of inducing more pregnancy rate and increased survival of embryo upon cryopreservation (Trounson and Mohr ., 1983 and Fuller et al., 2004). CONCLUSION: Approach taken by Kolibianakis et al results in the comparative analysis of both vitrification and controlled slow cooling. And its outcome provides similar results are given by both of these techniques. But comparatively, post thawing survival frequency is better in vitrification than slow cooling. Finally, they suggested that the there is no link between the vitrification process in giving high rate of pregnancy but it displays the successful post thawing survival both in the cleavage stage and in the blastocyst stage (Youssry et al., 2008 and Porcu et al 2000). According to Balaban et al survival rate of human 3 day embryo preservation reported the percentage of survival rate by vitrication as 94.8% whereas slow cooling provides 88.7%. (Kuc et al., 2010). Vitrification study over the embryo in cleavage stage testified 80% of survival rate and 22-35% of pregnancy rate. These results are more significant than the slow cooling procedure. Although the two main approaches of cryopreser vation contains signficant results, Vitrification gains more positive outcomes. Even in both the cases, limitations persist. All of its limitations can be always overcome by its positive side.

Chanel Essay -- essays research papers

CHANEL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gabrielle ‘Coco’ Chanel was born in Saumur, France in 1884. Vogue Magazine referred to her as â€Å"the couturier who takes no account of fashion, who pursues her own faultlessly elegant line in the quiet confidence that fashion will come back to her - and sure enough it always does.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chanel began designing heavily during the 1920s. Her first outfits were wool jerseys, and were very simple. She became famous for the simple look of her extremely classy outfits. Chanel stayed away from the vivid colors of many of the other designers of the time. Instead, she used blacks, navy, and tan almost exclusively. Unlike many designers who primarily made dresses and suits, Chanel also designed jackets, hats, and costume jewelry. When presenting a show, she did not have to accessorize her models with designs from other houses. Chanel designed well into the 1930s, but was forced to close her house during the years of World War Two. In 1954, she was able to reopen, and she designed until she died in 1971.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chanel was one of the most influential designers of the twentieth century with a non-conformist and classical streak. Coco designed the definitive women’s suit, wore masculine clothes, sported a cropped haircut and flaunted a suntan when it was considered to be an symbol of the working class. In 1916, she outraged the fashion industry by using jersey at a time when it was strictly associated with... Chanel Essay -- essays research papers CHANEL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gabrielle ‘Coco’ Chanel was born in Saumur, France in 1884. Vogue Magazine referred to her as â€Å"the couturier who takes no account of fashion, who pursues her own faultlessly elegant line in the quiet confidence that fashion will come back to her - and sure enough it always does.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chanel began designing heavily during the 1920s. Her first outfits were wool jerseys, and were very simple. She became famous for the simple look of her extremely classy outfits. Chanel stayed away from the vivid colors of many of the other designers of the time. Instead, she used blacks, navy, and tan almost exclusively. Unlike many designers who primarily made dresses and suits, Chanel also designed jackets, hats, and costume jewelry. When presenting a show, she did not have to accessorize her models with designs from other houses. Chanel designed well into the 1930s, but was forced to close her house during the years of World War Two. In 1954, she was able to reopen, and she designed until she died in 1971.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chanel was one of the most influential designers of the twentieth century with a non-conformist and classical streak. Coco designed the definitive women’s suit, wore masculine clothes, sported a cropped haircut and flaunted a suntan when it was considered to be an symbol of the working class. In 1916, she outraged the fashion industry by using jersey at a time when it was strictly associated with...

Analysis of Political Theory Essay

There are two political theories that I combined and will implement if I were to be placed as the highest-ranking official of the country. These are the theories of Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. I chose to unite the two theories because both of them, as I was reading through its contents, had the biggest impact on me than all the other theories I researched for. The joined theories would build up my ideal state as a leader of the country so that I may be able to take the people to a better state of life, in my innocent opinion as part of this country’s youth. First, allow me to discuss to you Immanuel Kant’s political philosophy. His approach to politics favored classical republicanism. The doctrine of Rechtsstaat is Kant’s biggest contribution in the philosophy of law and politics. According to this doctrine, the power of the state is limited in order to protect citizens from the arbitrary exercise of power. In a Rechtsstaat, the citizens share legally based civil liberties. It is a constitutional state in which the exercise of governmental power is constrained by law. It is often tied with the Anglo-American rule of law. Now, what is the rule of law? It is a legal maxim that suggests that governmental decisions be made by applying known legal principles. Aristotle one quoted, â€Å"Law should govern†. It implies that every citizen is subject to the law. It stands in contrast to the idea that a ruler is above the law, for example by divine right. Going back to Immanuel Kant’s philosophy, he also supported the separation of powers of the executive, legislative and judicative branches of government. The executive and the judicative are bound by law, while the legislative is bound by constitutional principles. Rechtsstaat also requires transparency  of state acts and the requirement of providing a reason for all state acts. The doctrine also demands for a hierarchy of laws and the requirement of clarity and definiteness. Now, the world has indeed seen the applications and implementations of the Rechtsstaat through Russia’s legal system. The  Russian legal system, born out of transformations in the 19th century under the reforms of Emperor  Alexander II, is based primarily upon the German legal tradition. It was from here that Russia borrowed a doctrine of  Rechtsstaat, which literally translates as  legal state. The concept of â€Å"legal state† is a fundamental (but undefined) principle that appears in the very first dispositive provision of Russia’s  post-Communist constitution: â€Å"The Russian Federation – Russia – constitutes a democratic federative legal state with a republican form of governance. † Similarly, the very first dispositive provision of Ukraine’s Constitution declares: â€Å"Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state. † The effort to give meaning to the expression â€Å"legal state† is anything but theoretical. Valery Zorkin, President of the Constitutional Court of Russia, wrote in 2003: Becoming a legal state has long been our ultimate goal, and we have certainly made serious progress in this direction over the past several years. However, no one can say now that we have reached this destination. Such a legal state simply cannot exist without a lawful and just society. Here, as in no other sphere of our life, the state reflects the level of maturity reached by society. Rechtsstaat has also approached Russia’s constitutional economics. The Russian concept of legal state adopted many elements of  constitutional economics. One of the founders of constitutional economics, James M. Buchanan, the 1986 recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science, argues that, in the framework of constitutional government, any governmental intervention and regulation has been based on three assumptions. First, every failure of the  market economy to function smoothly and perfectly can be corrected by governmental intervention. Second, those holding political office and manning the bureaucracies are altruistic upholders of the  public interest, unconcerned with their own personal economic well-being. And, third, changing the responsibilities of government towards more intervention and control will not profoundly and perversely affect the social and economic order. Some Russian researchers are supporting an idea that, in the 21st century, the concept of the legal state has become not only a legal but also an economic concept – at least for Russia and many other transitional and developing countries. Let us now move on to Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s political theory. His most important work is The Social Contract, which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republican. The treatise begins with the dramatic opening lines, â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they. † Rousseau claimed that the state of nature was a primitive condition without law or morality, which human beings left for the benefits and necessity of cooperation. As society developed, division of labor and private property required the human race to adopt institutions of law. In the degenerate phase of society, man is prone to be in frequent competition with his fellow men while also becoming increasingly dependent on them. This double pressure threatens both his survival and his freedom. According to Rousseau, by joining together into civil society through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. This is because submission to the authority of the  general will  of the people as a whole guarantees individuals against being subordinated to the wills of others and also ensures that they obey themselves because they are, collectively, the authors of the law. Although Rousseau argues that  sovereignty  (or the power to make the laws) should be in the hands of the people, he also makes a sharp distinction between the sovereign and the  government. The government is composed of magistrates, charged with implementing and enforcing the general will. The â€Å"sovereign† is the rule of law, ideally decided on by  direct democracy  in an assembly. Under a monarchy, however, the real sovereign is still the law. Rousseau was opposed to the idea that the people should exercise sovereignty via a  representative assembly. France could not meet Rousseau’s criterion of an ideal state because it was too big. Much subsequent controversy about Rousseau’s work has hinged on disagreements concerning his claims that citizens constrained to obey the general will are thereby rendered free: The notion of the general will is wholly central to Rousseau’s theory of political legitimacy. †¦ It is, however, an unfortunately obscure and controversial notion. Some commentators see it as no more than the dictatorship of the proletariat or the tyranny of the urban poor (such as may perhaps be seen in the French Revolution). Such was not Rousseau’s meaning. This is clear from the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Discourse on Political Economy†, where Rousseau emphasizes that the general will exists to protect individuals against the mass, not to require them to be sacrificed to it. He is, of course, sharply aware that men have selfish and sectional interests which will lead them to try to oppress others. It is for this reason that loyalty to the good of all alike must be a supreme (although not exclusive) commitment by everyone, not only if a truly general will is to be heeded but also if it is to be formulated successfully in the first place†. French revolutionaries read the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This would suggest that his philosophy was one of the proponents that sparked the French Revolution among the commoners. In brief, Rousseau believed in the natural goodness of man; that humans were corrupted by the greed and competition of civilization. He believed in a social utopia, of humans returning to natural harmony, being made free of vices and sharing a natural equality and a general will. These ideas appealed to many people, including some of the people instrumental in the events leading to the French Revolution, such as the oath at the Tennis Court. In a country where a wealthy minority indulged themselves while hundreds of thousands suffered from severe poverty and inflation, people yearned for a basic equality, natural or government ordained. Many felt that if the general will (or the will of the people) was for change, that the current government was expected to make compromises. The First Estate of the French government was against these changes, the Second Estate was to some extent and later cast its lot in with the Third Estate. Later the idea of a utopian government changed to ‘the will of the people’ (although how successful this was carried out can be debated, in both France and the U. S. ) Maximillien Robespierre, who played an important part in the middle to later events in the Revolution and was one of the architects of the Terror, was deeply influenced in his youth by Rousseau’s writings. My report would end at this, since only this stuff is what is asked of us. But if you would ask me, I wouldn’t agree to all things mentioned by the two philosophers. I, of course, would make a few reforms here and there. For example, the abandonment of our natural rights as said in The Social Contract. In the contemporary world, one would want to forget about their natural right for general will. Sure, the idea of general will sounds very convenient, but if you think about it, it’s not worth giving up your natural rights for.